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π”Ήπ•šπ• π•π• π•˜π•ͺ F5 > Chapter 8: Biodiversity > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy is a field in biology which involves the classification, ________ and naming of organisms in an _____ manner.

A
  • identification

- organized

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2
Q

Why is the classification and naming of organisms important?

A

In order to facilitate studies and discussions among scientists at an international level.

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3
Q

What are the six kingdoms all organisms in the world can be categorised into?

A
  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
  • An Evening Pigeon Flew At Plaza
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4
Q

What are the types of cells, number of cells and types of nutrition for the organisms from the six kingdoms?

A 
Archaebacteria
- prokaryote
- Unicellular
- Autotroph or Heterotroph
Eubacteria
- Prokaryote
- Unicellular
- Autotroph or Heterotroph
Protista
- Eukaryote
- Unicellular or Multicellular
- Autotroph or Heterotroph
Fungi
- Eukaryote
- Uni or Multi
- Heterotroph
Plantae
- Eukaryote
- multi
- autotroph
Animalia
- eukaryote
- Uni or Multi
- Heterotroph
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5
Q

What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryote is a type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
  • Eukaryote is a type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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6
Q

What are heterotroph and autotroph?

A
  • Heterotroph is an organism that cannot synthesis its own food but obtain food molecules by eating other organisms
  • Autotroph is an organism that synthesise its own food from organic materials by using light and chemical energy
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7
Q

Explain the characteristics and features of archaebacteria.

A
  • pro and uni
  • primitive bacteria
  • cell walls with no peptidoglycan
  • divided into 3 groups which are methanogen, halophile and thermophile
  • Methanogen: anaerobic bacteria found in swamps and the digestive tract produces methane as a metabolic byproduct
  • Halophile: in extremely high salt concentration places like the Dead Sea
  • Thermophile: flourishes at an optimum temperature of 60-80 and is found in hot springs and highly acidic locations
  • Ex: Sulfolobus sp. and Halobacterium
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8
Q

Explain the characteristics and features of eubacteria.

A
  • pro and uni
  • known as β€œ true β€œ bacteria
  • has cell walls with peptidoglycan which is also known as murein
  • cytoplasm has ribosomes and plasmids but no membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria
  • classified according to shape
  • Ex: Streptococcus pneumonia and Vibrio cholerae
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9
Q

Explain the characteristics and features of Protista.

A
  • eu and uni or multi
  • hetero or auto or both
  • simple cell organisation without specialised tissue
  • has a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
  • divided into 3 groups which are protozoa, algae and slime mould
  • Ex. Protozoa: Euglena sp., Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.
  • Ex. Algae: Chlamydomonas sp. and Spirogyra sp.
  • Ex. slime mould: Physarum polycephalum
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10
Q

Explain the characteristics and features of fungi.

A
  • eu and uni or multi
  • heterotrophs
  • cell wall is made up of chitin
  • body made up of a thread-like network of hyphae called the mycelium
  • ex: Yeast and mushroom
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11
Q

Explain the features of Plantae and Animalia.

A 
Plantae
- Eu and Multi
- has chlorophyll
- undergo sexual and asexual reproduction
- Ex: seedless plants ( Fern ) and plants with seeds
Animalia
- eu and multi
- heterotrophs
- can move and reproduce sexually
- invertebrate and vertebrate
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12
Q

The hierarchy system used in taxonomy is ______ hierarchy system. It classifies organisms according to hierarchy, starting from _____ to _____.

A
  • Linnaeus
  • species
  • domain
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13
Q

Organisms in the same ____ have ____ characteristics. Organisms of the same ____ are capable of ________ among themselves to produce viable fertile offsprings.

A
  • phylum
  • mutual
  • species
  • interbreeding
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14
Q

What is the 8 taxonomic rank?

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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15
Q

How do we write the scientific name of an organism based on the Linnaeus binomial system?

A
  • has two words where the first word is the name of the genus while the second name is the name of the species
  • first letter is capitalised
  • all scientific names must be printed in italics
  • if handwritten must be underlined separately
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16
Q

A ______ key is a tool used by taxonomists to identity organisms based on ____ and differences. It is an ____ process. The traits chosen must be based on _____ and observable features. Overlapping traits must be ____.

A
  • dichotomous
  • similarities
  • identification
  • obvious
  • avoided
17
Q

Biodiversity can be divided into 3 types which are:

A
  • genetic diversity
  • species diversity
  • ecosystem diversity
18
Q

Explain genetic diversity.

A
  • genes variation of an individual in a population and different populations of the same species
  • individual isolation and adaptations cause differences in genes
  • no 2 individuals of the same species are identical
  • Ex: paddy where there are many varieties of cultivated rice
19
Q

Explain species diversity.

A
  • the variation and variability of organisms
  • includes the total number of species and the species distribution in a community
  • Ex: tropical rainforests have large species diversities with around 5-10 million of insects species
20
Q

Explain ecosystem diversity.

A
  • biotic community and ecological process in ecosystems of land and aquatic environments
  • Ex: rich ecosystems can be found in the ocean and the desert
21
Q

What is phylogeny?

A
  • the evolutionary history of a species or a group of organisms that are genetically linked
22
Q

In phylogenetic classification, classification is done using a _____ structure. That refers to a structure that can be observed across multiple organisms which ___ the same ______ even though the functions may ____. For example, the limbs of humans, cats, whales and bats share the same bone structure but differ greatly in ____ and ____.

A
  • homologous
  • share
  • ancestor
  • differ
  • size
  • length
23
Q

Microorganisms can be divided into 5 types which are:

A
  • bacteria
  • protozoa
  • algae
  • fungi
  • virus
24
Q

Explain the characteristics of bacteria.

A
  • prokaryote
  • genetic materials in the form of chromosomal threads ( DNA ) free-floating inside the cytoplasm known as the nucleoid
  • some have plasmid which carries extra genes
  • range from 1 to 10 micrometer
  • can exist as a single cell, diploid, filaments and chains
  • exist in shapes like coccus, vibrio, bacillus and spirillum
  • Ex: Lactobacillus sp. and Streptococcus sp.
25
Q

Explain the characteristics of protozoa.

A
  • animal-like unicellular microorganisms
  • move using pseudopodia, cilia or flagellum
  • found in aquatic habitats
  • hetero or auto such as Euglena sp. which is an autotrophic protozoan
  • can be free-living or parasitic
26
Q

Explain the characteristics of algae.

A
  • uni and multi
  • move in water with flagellum
  • have chloroplasts and are autotrophic
  • live in ponds, lakes and ocean
27
Q

Explain the characteristics of fungi.

A
  • no chlorophyll and are heterotrophs, either parasites or saprophytic
  • no roots or stems
  • cell walls by chitin
  • exist in the form of mycelium which is a thread-like network called hyphae
  • uni or multi
  • found in dark or moist places
28
Q

Explain the characteristics of viruses.

A
  • not included in any kingdoms because they are not cellular
  • does not carry out life processes
  • reproduce by injecting their genetic materials into host cells
  • made up of nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and capsids from protein
  • too small in size ( 20 - 400 micrometer ) and can only be seen through an electron microscope
  • Ex: tobacco mosaic virus, T4 Bacteriophage and HIV.
29
Q

Plants require nitrogen to _____ protein and this is obtained from the soil in the form of _____ ions and ____ ions. Thus, explain the process in the nitrogen cycle before the conversion into ions.

A
  • synthesise
  • ammonium
  • nitrate
  • nitrogen-fixing bacteria lives in the root nodules of legumes like Rhizobium sp. and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Azotobacter sp. in the soil change it to ammonium ions via the nitrogen-fixing process
  • lightning oxidises nitrogen to NO2 via the nitrogen-fixing process which dissolves in rainwater to produce nitrous acid and nitric acid
  • fertilisers provide ammonium and nitrates in soil
  • decomposition is carried out by bacteria and saprophytic fungi where body tissue breaks down into ammonium via ammonification
30
Q

Explain the nitrogen-fixing process from the conversion of ions.

A
  • ammonium ions are converted into nitrite ions via nitrification by the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas sp.
  • nitrite ions then are converted into nitrate ions by Nitrobacter sp.
  • nitrates will then be absorbed by plants to syntheise proteins
  • the plants are eaten by animals and is transferred into animals’ body tissues
  • denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas through denitrification
31
Q

What are the 4 roles of microorganisms?

A
  • producers
  • decomposers
  • parasites
  • symbionts
32
Q

Explain microorganisms as producers and parasites.

A

Producers
- phytoplankton floating on the surface of aquatic surfaces
- Ex: green algae, blue-green algae ( cyanobacteria ), dinoflagellates and diatoms
- can undergo photosynthesis
Parasites
- parasite benefits from the relationship
- try not to kill their hosts
- Ex: Plasmodium sp. is a protozoa that lives inside the female Anopheles mosquito and transmits malaria into the blood circulatory system

33
Q

Explain microorganisms as decomposers.

A
  • saprophytic fungi and bacteria decompose organic materials and are known as decomposers
  • break down complex organic materials into simple compounds such as ammonium
  • secrete digestive enzymes into the decaying materials and absorb the products
  • the products contain carbon, nitrogen and sulphur
34
Q

Explain microorganisms as symbionts.

A
  • an organism that has a close relationship with another organism
  • two types which are ectosymbionts and endosymbionts
  • ectosymbionts live outside the host cell like Ectomycorrhiza, a fungi which lives around plant roots
  • endosymbionts live inside the host cells like Protozoa Trichonympha sp. which lives in the alimentary canals of termites
35
Q

A pathogen is an organism which causes _____. For example, viruses, _____, protozoa and ____.
Vectors are organisms that ____ pathogens and cause ____ diseases.

A
  • diseases
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • transmit
  • certain
36
Q

What are the examples of disease vectors?

A
  • Vibrio cholerae is spread through flies ( cholera )
  • dengue virus is transmitted through Aedes aegypti mosquito bites
  • Salmonella typhi bacteria are transmitted through food and water that are contaminated by cockroaches
37
Q

What are the viruses, examples of diseases and the symptoms of the diseases it causes?

A
  • Virus - Hepatitis B - inflammation, swollen chest, yellowish skin and may cause fatalities
  • Bacteria - Tuberculosis - weight loss, coughing blood and shortness of breath
  • Protozoa - dysentery - stomach ache, diarrhoea and vomit
  • Fungi - Tinea versicolour - whitish or pinkish patches on skin

π”Ήπ•šπ• π•π• π•˜π•ͺ F5 (8 decks)

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