Chapter 8: Becoming a Woman/Becoming a Man; Gender Identity and Gender Roles - Fill in the Blanks

Question 1

A child’s knowledge that his or her sex does not change is called ____ in cognitive-developmental theory.

Answer 1

gender constancy

Question 2

According to Cancian, gender roles for men and women did not start to differ until the ____.

Answer 2

1800s (when the US and other countries became industrialized)

Question 3

According to ____ theory, an individual’s gender role results from society’s expectations of male and female behavior.

Answer 3

sociocultural

Question 4

According to Freud, children acquire the gender identity of the same-sex parent through the process of ____..

Answer 4

identification

Question 5

The process of internalizing society’s beliefs is called ____.

Answer 5

socialization

Question 6

Oversimplified, rigid beliefs that all members of a particular sex have distinct behavioral and emotional characteristics are called ____.

Answer 6

stereotypes

Question 7

On Bem’s Sex-Role Inventory, a person who scores low on both dimensions is called ____.

Answer 7

undifferentiated

Question 8

According to Freud, children acquire their gender identity in the ____ stage of psychosexual development.

Answer 8

phallic

Question 9

If an individual scores high on both the femininity dimension and the masculine dimension of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, he or she would be called ____.

Answer 9

androgynous

Question 10

Money and Ehrhardt (1972) states, “Nature’s rule is, it would appear, that to masculinize, something must be added.” That something is ____.

Answer 10

testosterone

Question 11

____ cross-dress for sexual arousal and gratification, whereas ____ cross-dress because they truly believe they are members of the opposite sex.

Answer 11

transvestites; transsexuals

Question 12

In social learning explanations of gender identity development, when children watch their mothers and fathers and copy them, it is called ____.

Answer 12

imitation

Question 13

The ____ view of gender-role development holds that biological influences establish predetermined limits to the effects of cultural influences.

Answer 13

biological determinism

Question 14

According to Bem, masculine is to instrumental as feminine is to ____.

Answer 14

expressive

Question 15

Some language classify all nouns as either or feminine. This is an example of ____.

Answer 15

gender schema

Question 16

The presence of ____ shortly before and after birth changes the brain to male anatomy.

Answer 16

testosterone

Question 17

Among early North American Indian tribes, a ____ was a highly respected man who cross-dressed and assumed the behaviors of a woman.

Answer 17

two-spirit