Chapter 8: Axial Skeleton

Question 0

Centrum

Answer 0

Amphicoelous
Few lateral processes
Fish lateral flexion
Biconcave spool

Question 1

Generalized vertebra

Answer 1

Neural spine (most dorsal)
Neural arch (bony part that helps protect spinal cord)
Neural canal (nervous tissue runs thru)
Centrum (notochord- ossifies and goes away in adult)
Hemal arch (blood vessels go thru)
Hemal spine

Question 2

First amphibians: structure, what happens?

Generalized to specialized vertebra

Answer 2

Centrum- stronger, flatter
Transverse process- muscle attachment 
Zygapophyses- prevent torsion (twisting) 
Disconnect from head- neck mobility
Connect to pelvis- stability on land

Question 3

Amphibian vertebral regions

Answer 3

Cervical: (1) neck 
Thoracic: ribs 
Lumbar: lower back 
Sacral: (1) pelvis
Caudal: tail

*have positive pressure breathing

Question 4

Reptile vertebral regions

Answer 4

Cervical: atlas, axis, others
Thoracic: have ribs for negative pressure breathing
Lumbar: why have specialized lumbar without ribs? For mobility/flexibility/increase speed
Sacral: most have 2, some have 3
Caudal

Question 5

Bird vertebral regions

Answer 5

15-20 cervical vertebrae
>long flexible neck
Specialized synsacrum for pelvic support
>fusion of trunk and sacral vertebrae w/ pelvic girdle
>good for bipedal locomotion
Few caudal vertebrae

Question 6

Mammal vertebral regions

Answer 6

Cervical: 7 vertebrae (few exceptions- manatees)
Thoracic: ribs
Lumbar: transverse process, no ribs
Sacral: fused= sacrum. 3-5 vertebrae
Caudal: loss of hemal arches ventrally
chevron bone is free floating remnant of hemal arches