Chapter 8

Question 1

Flashbulb memories

Answer 1

Some unusual, shocking, or tragic events hold a special place in memory

The term captures the surprise, ilumination and photographic detail that characterized them

Flashbulb Memories can have ERRORS and BIASES

Question 2

Example of Flashbulb Memories

Answer 2

9/11 Attack:

Memory 1: during the attack the president say “Jordan you’re not going to believe what state i was in when i heard about the terroritst attack. i was in Florida actually i was in a classroom talking about a reading program that works and i was siting outside the class

Question 3

Memory

Answer 3

Recalling past events and past learning by means of encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 4

Three Processes of Memory

Answer 4

1. Encoding: Putting information into a form the brain can understand and get it into the memory
2. Storage: Process of retaining information in the brain for later us
3. Retrieval: Recovering stored memories

Question 5

Role of Attention

Answer 5

Attention: focus on a stimulus

Question 6

Short-Term Memory

Answer 6

The information that you are focusing on at a given moment

Has LIMITED capacity

Can hold around 5-9 at a time

Question 7

Rehearsal

Answer 7

The process of repetitvely verbalizing or thinking about the information

Question 8

Long-Term Memory

Answer 8

All of the information we have gathered that is available for use such as accquired skills, people we know, etc

Question 9

Spaced Rehearsal

Answer 9

Facilitates moving, working memories into long-term memory

DON’T CRAM

Question 10

Two Ways to Encode

Answer 10

1. Automatic Processing: when you automatically remember something with NO effort
2. Effort Processing: when you have to work to memorize something

Question 11

Contents of Long-Term Memory

Answer 11

Explicit Memory: Memory that a person can consciously bring to mind

Implicit Memory: Memory that a person is NOT consciously aware
Semantic Memory: Long-term memory for meaning

Schemas: Knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences or other knowledge bases

Procedural Memory: Long-term memory for actions, skills, operations and conditioned responses

Episodic Memory: Long-term memory for information tied to a particular time and place especially memory of the events in a persons life

Parallel Distributed Model: Theory of memory suggests that information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks

Serial-Position Effect: The tendency for recall of first and last items on a list and to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list

Question 12

How Do We Remember: Rehearsal

Answer 12

Maintenance Rehearsal: Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory

Elaborative Rehearsal: Association of new information with already stored knowledge

Question 13

How Do We Remember: Processing

Answer 13

Encoding Information: The processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus

Question 14

How Do We Remember: Chuncking

Answer 14

Chunking: Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful units

Question 15

Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory

Answer 15

Cues in retrieval
Using context to aid retrieval
Misinformation effect

Question 16

Context

Answer 16

Physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event

Question 17

Misinformation

Answer 17

Witnessing an event, receiving misinformation about it and then incorporating “Misinformation” into one’s memory of the event

Question 18

The Misinformation Study

Answer 18

Misinformation Effect Study: researchers showed subjects sludes of a traffic accidenct. One slide showed a car stopped at a STOP sign

Half of the participants were asked leading questions about the car being stopped at a STOP sign

Participates were later shown 2 pictures – one with the car next to a YIELD sign

Implications for credibility of eyewitness testimony

• When police officers ask [mis]leading questions witnesses may incorporate incorrect information into their memory for the event

Question 19

Decay

Answer 19

The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is NOT accessed; it applies more to short term than long-term

Question 20

Interference

Answer 20

Similar items interefered with one another
Retroactive Interference: Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remmeber similar material sotred previously

Proactive Interference: Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interference with the ability to remmeber similar, more recenelty learned material

Question 21

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

Answer 21

The inability to retrieve information store in memory because of insufficient cues for recall

Question 22

What happens in the brain

Answer 22

The PREFRONTAL CORTEX: important in working memory

The HIPPOCAMPUS: Important for the transfer of memories into long-term memories

Question 23

Long-Term Care in Potentiation

Answer 23

A phenomenon where repeated stimulation of certain nerve cells in the brain greatly increases the likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future stimulation

Question 24

Memory & Age

Answer 24

Before 4 Years Old: Memories pf faces, places and skills but no EPISODIC Memories (Memories of life)

Early EPISODIC memories are emotional

Question 25

Prospective Memory

Answer 25

Ability to remember the content from the FUTURE

Question 26

Reotrospective Memory

Answer 26

Ability to remember content from PAST