Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Define social support

A

the approval, assistance, advice, and comfort that we receive from those with whom we have developed stable positive relationships (one of the benefits we get from relationships - in exchange of the effort we put in, and the risk of being hurt in the end)

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2
Q

Define close relationships

A

relationships between people that are characterized by loving, caring, commitment, and intimacy

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3
Q

Define interpersonal attraction

A

the strength of our liking/loving for another person

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4
Q

Why is physical attractiveness important in relationships?

A

Even though we don’t want to admit it, physical attractiveness is a cue for deciding if we are willing to expand resources in pursuing a relationship with other people

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5
Q

Name a few features that are considered attractive

A
  • Youthful features are considered as warmer, more attractive for both men and women
    • Women also prefer masculine faces
    • Overall, we prefer symmetrical faces
    • Western cultures prefer thin people - but this has changed over the years
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6
Q

Is the thinness ideal universal?

A

No, predominant in Western cultures

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7
Q

Describe the physicala attractiveness stereotype

A

tendency to perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics such as sociability and competence
• Attractive people are + successful than non attractive people (better grades, better chances at interviews, lesser sentences in prison, etc)

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8
Q

How do self-fulfilling prophecies play a role in attractive people’s success?

A

people expect attractive people to be “better”, so they act kinder around them (attractive people receive a great deal of social attention)

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9
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

an individual possesses one positive characteristic makes us more likely to believe that they also possess other positive characteristics
• “What is beautiful is good” heuristic

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10
Q

What is the link with evolution and the choosing of a mate?

A
Genetic female: 
	• Reproduction is highly costly
	• Finite number of eggs
	• Must consider carefully when and with whom to reproduce
	• Mate with good genes/resources

Genetic male:
• Sperm supply regenerates
• Able to impregnate multiple partners
• Young/healthy partner is the best option
Therefore males value youth and females value power/capacity (good genes)

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11
Q

Why is similarity important in relationships?

A
  • Relationships in which there is a discrepancy in important beliefs (not just tastes in music) are harder to maintain (ex: different views about marriage, sex, child rearing, etc)
    • Couples who have similar interests have an easier time to spend time together because they like the same activities
    • Relationships with those similar to us are also reinforcing - it is nice to share liking something with someone who also likes it
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12
Q

What is the principle of social exchange?

A

we can trade attractiveness with attractiveness or social status
• This is why people of similar attractiveness or wealth are together
• Similarity is more important in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic ones

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13
Q

What is the matching hypothesis?

A

people of similar attractiveness match together

• Similarity is more important when we want a serious committed relationship

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14
Q

Define mere exposure and its role in attraction

A

tendency to prefer stimuli, (including, but not limited to, people) that we have seen frequently

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15
Q

Defin the proqinquity effect

A

the more we see and interact w people. The more likely they are to become our friends and lovers

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16
Q

What was the study about mere exposure and undergrads?

A

undergrad students chosen to live together/close during their studies: those that shared similar attitudes and that lived close together in the beginning were + likely to become friends during their degree

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17
Q

Describe passion

A

strong feelings we experience toward another person that are accompanied by increases in arousal and sexual attraction

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18
Q

Describe passionate love

A

the kind of love that we experience when we are first getting to know a romantic partner

19
Q

Describe compannionate love

A

love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, common interests, mutual respect, and concern for each other’s welfare (not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal)
• Different structure than initial love

20
Q

What is reciprocal self-disclosure?

A

tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner
• Successful relationships feel closer over time, while unsuccessful ones feel more apart
• Disclosing intimate experiences results in an increase in intimacy and is successful for long-term relationships

21
Q

What is interdependence in relationship?

A

Members of a close relationship are interdependent: relying to a great degree on each other to meet their goals
The more interdependence develops the more costly it becomes to break the relationship; this is why some couples struggle to imagine themselves with someone else

22
Q

What is commitment?

A

refers to the feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship

23
Q

What is the triangular model of love?

A

an approach that suggests that there are different types of love and that each is made up of different combinations of cognitive and affective variables, specified in terms of passion, intimacy and commitment

24
Q

What is a love made up of intimacy only?

A

Liking

25
Q

What is a love made up of passion only?

A

Infatuation

26
Q

What is a love made up of commitment only?

A

Empty love

27
Q

What is a love made up of intimacy and commitment?

A

Companionate love

28
Q

What is a love made up of intimacy and passion?

A

Romantic love

29
Q

What is a love made up of passion and commitment?

A

Fatuous love

30
Q

What is a love made up of intimacy, passion and commitment?

A

Consumate love

31
Q

What is an attachment style?

A

individual difference in how people relate to others in close relationships

32
Q

What is the secure attachment style?

A

feelings of safety, and exploration is comfortable, capable of genuine intimacy, balances own needs with those of partners

33
Q

What is the anxious/ambivalent attachment style?

A

Overly dependent, continually seeking affection, more problematic, jealous

34
Q

What is the fearful/avoidant attachment style?

A

distant and fearful, struggles to develop relationships, unlikely to be in a long-term relationship

35
Q

Describe oxytocin and some of its effects

A

Oxytocin: hormone that is important in female reproduction and that also influences social behaviours, including the development of long-term romantic attachments
• Increase when women nurse their child
• Binds us into close relationships (released after childbirth)
• Respond positively to our ingroup
• Experience of romantic love
• Released after orgasm

36
Q

Describe testosterone and some of its effects

A

Testosterone
• Relates to liking, but particularly for passionate love
• Increased sex drive in both men and women
• Men in long-term relationships have relatively lower levels of testosterone

37
Q

What is the social exchange theory?

A

Cost-benefit analysis (comparison level of alternatives)
• Rewards vs costs (why you’re with someone vs what it costs)
• If the cost is too high according to you, you will leave the relationship
• If you feel like you deserve the cost, or that there are no other options, you will stay

38
Q

Describe the investiment model of commitment

A

social exchange theory can predict how people are satisfied in their relationship according to the rewards they get, the costs and their comparison level
• The satisfaction level will influence the level of investment, and compared with the alternative to the relationship, they will determine the commitment and stability of the relationship

39
Q

Describe the equity theory

A

equitable relationships are the happiest and most stable
• Rewards/costs for BOTH partners are roughly equal
• Inequitable relationships, one person is over-benefited and another is under-benefited

40
Q

What are communal relationships?

A

close relationships in which partners suspend their need for equity and exchange, giving support to the partner in order to meet his or her needs, and without consideration of the costs to themselves

41
Q

What are exchange relationships?

A

relationships in which each of the partners keeps track of his or her contributions to the partnership

42
Q

Name a few tips to make relationships last

A
  • Be prepared for squabbles (conflict) - working through it can make the relationship stronger
    • Don’t be negative
    • Be fair in how you evaluate behaviours - remember that your partner is not perfect and you neither
    • Don’t do something dumb - don’t betray the relationship
    • Do things that please your partner - principles of social exchange
    • Have fun - positive moods make relationships last longer
    • Stop fighting - learn to talk with your partner in positive ways
43
Q

How does Esther Perel describe an affair (3 main components?)

A

Definition of an affair
• Secretive relationship (core)
• Emotional connection to any degree
• Sexual alchemy