Chapter 13 Flashcards
Define cooperation
Behaviour that occurs when we trust the people or groups with whom we are interacting and are willing to communicate and share with others
Define competition
we attempt to gain as many of the limited rewards as possible for ourselves, and at the same time we may work to reduce the likelihood of success for the other parties
Define conflict
parties involved engage in violence and hostility
Define a realistic group conflict
when groups are in competition for objectively scarce resources, such as when 2 sports team want to win the game; the outcome is fixed sum and the goals of the 2 teams are incompatible
Name the 2 types of possible outcomes and explain them
Fixed-sum outcomes: a gain for one side necessarily means a loss for the other side or sides
Integrative outcomes: a solution can be found that benefits all the parties. This can be compromising, sacrificing something that means less to you in favor of something that is more meaningful
Define morality beliefs
set of social norms that describe the principles and ideals, as well as the duties and obligations, that we view as appropriate and that we use to judge the actions of others and to guide our own behaviour
Name and define the 2 types of morality
- Social conventional morality (seen as appropriate within the culture by does not have to do with being good or doing good; relative rules to each culture about how to behave)
- Harm-based morality: stating that hurting others is wrong (all cultures/religions/etc have a version of this)
Define social fairness norm
beliefs about how people should be treated fairly
Define distributive fairness
our judgements about whether or not a party is receiving a fair share of the available rewards
Define procedural fiarness
beliefs about the fairness (or unfairness) of the procedures used to distribute available resources/rewards among parties
Define false consciousness (reaction to unfairness)
the acceptance of one’s own low status as part of the proper and normal functioning of society
Define system justification (reaction to unfairness)
people are motivated to defend and legitimize the social systems that affect them
Define social creativity (reaction to unfairness)
the use of strategies that allow members of low-status groups to perceive their group as better than other groups, at least on some dimensions, which allows them to gain some positive social identity
Define collective action (reaction to unfairness)
the attempts on the part of one group to change the social status hierarchy by improving the status of their own group relative to others
Define blaming the victim (reaction to unfairness)
when our vision of a just world is threatened, we feel the need to replace that vision by blaming the victim for whatever happened to them
Define social dilemma
A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
Name the 3 characteristics of a social dilemma
- A noncooperative choice is always more profitable to the individual than a cooperative choice
- A noncooperatice choice is always harmful to others compared to a cooperative choice
- The aggregate amount of harm done to others by a noncooperative choice is greater than the profit to the individual
Define what is a harvesting dilemma (what’s another name that it has?)
people overuse an existing public good
• Ex of harvesting dilemma: taking own car VS public transport to go to work; short-term reward is preferred over the long-term benefits of saving the environment
Define what is a contributions dilemma
the short term costs of a behaviour lead individuals to avoid performing it
Is the prisonner’s dilemma a fixed-sum or integrative outcome?
Integrative (both parties can win)
Players (of prisoner’s dilemma game) will be more cooperative if they are:
(name 2 situations)
- Playing against a friend
* Expecting to interact with their partner in the future
Define the dual-concern model
Suggests that variations of one’s concern in their own outcomes and of others’ outcomes result in 4 different personality types, and the outcome of games such as prisoner’s dilemma will be impacted by those personality types
Name/define the 4 personality types of the dual-concern model
- Problem solving: find a solution that can benefit everyone
- Yielding: more cooperative choices
- Contending: withhold contributions (not gonna cooperate, more self-serving)
- Inactivity: they don’t really care
Explain gender differences in cooperation and competition
- Women are less likely to bargain for personal gain
* Women negotiate more when they are doing it for the benefit of others
Explain the tit-for-tat strategy
A means of encouraging cooperation by:
• First acting cooperatively, and then
• Responding the way your opponent did on the previous turn
What is the difference in the perception of cooperators and freeloaders?
- Cooperators are more positively evaluated by group members than freeloaders
- Rewarding cooperators is perceived more positively than punishing freeloaders
How does using threats to solve a conflict work? What is an example of this?
When caught in a conflict, many are tempted to use threats
Threats are not effective to reduce conflict
Ex: the trucker game
Explain the trucker game
Players in charge of trucking companies
Goal: truck merchandise ASAP to each location
Shortest route possible is the most profitable$
Only one truck can travel at a time on short route
Each can take an alternate route but less profitable
Threat: gate
Forces the other companies to back up
Scenarios: no gat, gate controlled by 1 company, or 2 gates, 1 for each company
When communication was allowed, more cooperation was observed
Define negotiation
A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict, in which:
• Offers and counter offers are made
• A solution occurs only when both parties agree
• The goal is to resolve a social conflict
Define integrative solution
A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests
Each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it, but important to the other side
