Chapter 8-9 (tissue Types) Flashcards
Pericardium
Surrounds the heart
Name components of ECM
- Water
- Collagen (strong flexible fibers that occur in rope like bundles
- Elastin (flexible elastic fiber that can return to normal length after being stretched)
- protein-carbohydrate hybrid molecules (glycoproteins)
- proteoglycans(carbohydrates attached to protein backbone)
3 cell types of bone tissue (connective)
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Transmits nerve impulses away from cell body
Axon
Columnar cells of different heights resting on basement membrane. Nuclei in an odd or irregular level and serves to protect.
(Male reproductive system)
Psuedostratified culminate epithelium
2 types of dense fibrous tissue (connective tissue)
-Irregular (fibers intertwine, can withstand stress, found in dermis, outer capsule of organs,and fascia around muscles)
-regular (bundles of fibers arranges in parallel rows.
Collagenous ligaments/tendons)
Elastic (walls of arteries)
A water secretion that contains a mixture of mucous (dozens of different proteoglycans)
Mucus
Find hard shell of the bone containing osteon’s
Compact bone tissue
Endocrine glands
‘Ductless’ glands that discharge secretions directly into blood or interstitial fluid (pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands_
Pleura
Serous membrane that surrounds each lung and lines thoracic cavity
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
Regeneration
Tissue repair or the process of replacing missing/damages tissue with new tissue by means of cell decision. Phagocytosis removes dead/injured cells and gaps are filled in with new tissue (occurs when cell damage is small)
Note: old tissue replaced wit scar tissue when cell damage is deep (keloid)
4 subtypes of connective tissue
- loose fibrous (areolar)
- adipose
- reticular
- Dense
Organs of the skeletal system
Bones
3 protein fibers in ECM
Collagenous fibers (tough and strong) Reticular fibers (delicate) Elastic fibers (extensible and elastic)
Note: ECM predominates in connective tissue and determines their physical characteristics
Exocrine glands
Discharge secretions into ducts (salivary glands)
Tissue that is striated and voluntary, many striations, many nuclei per cell, threadlike cell shapes
Skeletal muscle
3 types of cartilage tissue
1) hyaline
2) fibrocartilage
3) elastic cartilage
One of the most widespread and diverse tissues in the body and found in nearly every organ
Connective tissue
Cardiac muscle
Striated and involuntary
Contains cross striations and dark bands
Contract heart
Make up wall of heart
3 organs of nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Note: brain and spinal cord = CNS
Nerves= PNS
Mesoderm
Middle layer of tissue within embryo. Gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood vessels.
3 types of simple columnar epithelium
Goblet cells (produce mucus) Cilia (sensory, detects changes) Microvilli finger-like projections that increase surface area)
Cuboidal
Cube shaped, have more cytoplasm
Which membranes covers 2 different surfaces in one continuous sheet?
Serous membranes (parietal and visceral)
Perichondrium
Membrane that surrounds the cartilage (nutrients diffuse through it)
4 Types of collagen (most abundant protein compound found in the body)
Tendons
Ligaments
Bones
Cartilage
4 types of human tissues
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
Classifications of epithelial tissue (shapes)
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Psuedostratified columnar
Histogenisis
Formation of tissues from primary germ layers of embryo.
Note: as embryo develops, the cells in each layer become more differentiated to form specific tissues
Synovial membranes
Connective tissue membrane that lines the spaces between bones and joints, as well as bursae
Note: no epithelial cells present
Only one duct leads to the surface
Simple exocrine gland
which membrane secretes a thin, watery fluid that lubricates organs?
Serous
Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of tall, column-shaped cells. Cells perform certain functions. Often line hollow visceral structures. Function to secrete, protect, absorb and move mucus.
Peritoneum
Cover abdominal viscera and lines abdominal cavity
Most prevalent type of cartilage tissue located on the ends of articulating bones:
Hyalin cartilage tissue
Note: firm but flexible support/connection between structures
2 types of body membranes
Epithelial
Connective
Serous membranes
Line body cavities that are not open to external environment and covers surface of organs
3 classifications of epithelial layers
Simple epithelium (single layer0 Stratified epithelium (cells layered one on another) Transitional epithelium (different cell shapes in a stratified epithelial sheet)
4 types of connective tissue
Fibrous
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Ectoderm
Outer most layer of embryonic tissue. Gives rise to skin and nervous system.
Mucous membranes
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive tract
Note: clinically important because these are the places where our bodies are most likely to interact with microorganisms from external environment (key components of defense)
Astrocytes
Type of neuroglia
Regulate neuron function
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Liked with keratin fibers . Covers outer skin, protects. Outer layers may contain flattened cells that have lost nuclei.
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Matrix
Extracellular substance that surrounds tissues
Note: tissues can also be embedded within matrix
Hematopoiesis
Circulating blood tissue is formed in the red bone marrow
1 type of cel in cartilage tissue
Chondrocytes
Note: avascular
Dendrite
(One or more)- transmits nerve impulse toward the cell body and axon
2 Shapes of exocrine glands
Tubular and alveolar (saclike)
Contains many fine elastic fibers with high degree of flexibility and found in external ear and larynx. Provides strength and flexibility
Elastic cartilage tissue
Microglia
Type of neuroglia
Destroy pathogens and damaged tissue cells in the brain
Proteoglycans
Carbohydrates attached to a protein backbone
Composition of whole blood is divided into 2 forms
Plasma- matrix or liquid fraction (55% of blood volumes) Formed elements (red, white and platelets- 45% of blood volume)
One cell layer of cubed shaped cells found in many glands and ducts. Secretes and absorbs
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Endoderm
Inner most layer of tissue within embryo. Gives rise to digestive and urinary structures
Endochondral ossification
Formed indirectly through replacement of cartilage (long bones, short bones, irregular bones)
Polarity of epithelial cells
(Two opposite faces)
Basal pole- faces underlying connective tissue
Apical pole- faces free surface of the sheet, or outward
Neuron cells
- conducting unit of system
- characterized by a cell body or SOMA
- transmits nerve signals away from cell body and toward cell body
Avascular
No blood vessels
Note: epithelial tissue is no vascular
Psuedostratified columnar
One layer of oddly shaped columnar cells
Smooth muscle is….
Nonstriated and involuntary, also called visceral muscle tissue, only one nucleus per fiber , shaped like a spindle and they move substances, and change diameter of vessels.
most numerous type of gland and the Only exocrine gland that does not cause any damage. Secretes directly through cell membrane . Most numerous type of gland
Merocrine gland
Why is it hard and slow for cartilage tissue to repair?
Inefficient method of nutrient delivery (not as much blood circulation)
Non keratinized stratified squads cell epithelium
Lines vagina, mouth, and esophagus. No keratin Free surface is moist Protection is primary function No flaking occurs All cells have nuclei
Functions of connective tissue
-connects (muscle to muscle muscle to bone, bone to bone)
-supports
Transports
-defends
Soma of nerve cell
Cell body
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Stratified columnar epithelium
Multiple layers of columnar cells that are rare and located in segments of male urethra and mucus layer near anus
What is transitional epithelium?
Varying cell shaped layer (Cuboidal and squamous depending on tension) that is stratified (often 10 layers. Or more). Protects organ walls and located in lining of hollow viscera
Note: subject to stress and tension
Histology
Study of tissue
Strongest and most durable type of cartilage found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis
Fibrocartilage
Note: serves as a shock absorbing material between bones at the knee (meniscus)
Function: stretch, flexible connection
Fibrous connective tissue
3 functions of bone tissue
Support and protection
Attachment points
Mineral reservoir
Supports blood forming tissue (red bone marrow)
Spongelike appearance, forms framework to support red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) produces various types of blood cells
Cancellous (spongy) bone tissue
Also called trabecular bone
Most unusual connective tissue because it exists in a liquid state , containing no ground substance or fibers
Blood tissue
Multi layers of flat, squamous cells serving a protection function.
Stratified squamous epithelium
2 functions of nervous tissue
Rapid regulation
Integration of body activities
Specializes in secretory activity
Glandular epithelium
Axon
Single process, transmits nerve impulse AWAY
Examples of epithelial tissues
Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels; surfaces of pleura pericardium, peritoneum; alveoli of lungs
Note: one layer, flat, scale-like cells that re permeable to many substances
Trabeculae (in bone tissue)
Thin beams of bone- forms framework to support red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) also gives internal support to the bone
Function of adipose tissue
-Food/energy reserve
-Insulation (white fat) heat generation (brown fat)
Produces hormone lepton which signals the brain how much fat is stored and ready to use for energy.
-increases buoyancy
Function of tissue
Group of similar cells that perform s common function. Fabric of the body that is sewn together to form organs and membranes, holding all organs together as a whole.
Note: each tissue specializes in performing at least one unique function to help maintain homeostasis.
Holocrine glands
-secretion causes rupture and cell death.
-literally self-destruct to complete function
Sebaceous glands
Neuroglia
Connect, support, and regulate the function of neurons
2 kinds of cells in nerve tissue
Neuron
Neuralgia
3 glandular tissues made by epithelial tissue
Apocrine
Halo time
Meocrine
Glycoproteins
Part of ECM. Protein-carbohydrate hybrid molecules. Proteins with few carbs attached . It binds ECM to cells creating a strong integrated structure and provides communication between ECM and cells
Note: Examples include fibro Ext in and taminin
4 functions of blood
Transportation of gases, nutrients, and waste
Regulation of temperature
Regulation of pH
White blood cells destroy bacteria
Conducting units of nervous system
Neurons
Carry nerve signals toward the axon
Dendrite
Columnar
Have more height than width, appear narrow and cylindrical
Parietal membrane
Serous membrane that lines walls of the cavity
What connective tissue type consists of 3-D reticular network that forms the framework for the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
Functions: -defense against microorganisms and other harmful shit.
-reticular mesh work filters harmful shit while reticular cells phagocytose them.
Reticular
Thrombocytes
Platelets
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
Types of neuroglia
Electrically insulate axons to increase their speed of conduction
3 types of epithelial membrane
Cutaneous
Serous
Mucous
Note: composed of superficial layer of epithelial tissue attached by a basement membrane to an underlying layer of connective tissue
Cutaneous membrane
Skin Primary organ of integumentary system One of the largest, most important,most visible organs 16% of body weight Contains sweat and oil glands
Aqua as cells
Cells are flat and plate like, “scaley”
Visceral membrane
Serous membrane that covers surface of viscera (organs within cavity)
Exocrine glands that
- collect near the apex of the cell and are secreted by pinching off the distended end
- secretion results in some damage
- recovery is rapid
- sweat glands and mammary glands
Apocrine glands
What 3 primary germ layers form within the embryo (2 weeks after conception)
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
2 or more rows of cuboidal cells with indistinct basement membrane. Located in sweat glands ducts and pharynx
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Material between cells in tissue. Gel like substance made up of water and a variety of proteins and other molecules.
