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Biology 105 > Chapter 8-9 (tissue Types) > Flashcards

Chapter 8-9 (tissue Types) Flashcards

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1
Q

Pericardium

A

Surrounds the heart

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2
Q

Name components of ECM

A
  • Water
  • Collagen (strong flexible fibers that occur in rope like bundles
  • Elastin (flexible elastic fiber that can return to normal length after being stretched)
  • protein-carbohydrate hybrid molecules (glycoproteins)
  • proteoglycans(carbohydrates attached to protein backbone)
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3
Q

3 cell types of bone tissue (connective)

A

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

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4
Q

Transmits nerve impulses away from cell body

A

Axon

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5
Q

Columnar cells of different heights resting on basement membrane. Nuclei in an odd or irregular level and serves to protect.
(Male reproductive system)

A

Psuedostratified culminate epithelium

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6
Q

2 types of dense fibrous tissue (connective tissue)

A

-Irregular (fibers intertwine, can withstand stress, found in dermis, outer capsule of organs,and fascia around muscles)
-regular (bundles of fibers arranges in parallel rows.
Collagenous ligaments/tendons)
Elastic (walls of arteries)

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7
Q

A water secretion that contains a mixture of mucous (dozens of different proteoglycans)

A

Mucus

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8
Q

Find hard shell of the bone containing osteon’s

A

Compact bone tissue

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9
Q

Endocrine glands

A

‘Ductless’ glands that discharge secretions directly into blood or interstitial fluid (pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands_

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10
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane that surrounds each lung and lines thoracic cavity

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

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12
Q

Regeneration

A

Tissue repair or the process of replacing missing/damages tissue with new tissue by means of cell decision. Phagocytosis removes dead/injured cells and gaps are filled in with new tissue (occurs when cell damage is small)

Note: old tissue replaced wit scar tissue when cell damage is deep (keloid)

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13
Q

4 subtypes of connective tissue

A
  • loose fibrous (areolar)
  • adipose
  • reticular
  • Dense
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14
Q

Organs of the skeletal system

A

Bones

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15
Q

3 protein fibers in ECM

A 
Collagenous fibers (tough and strong)
Reticular fibers (delicate)
Elastic fibers (extensible and elastic)

Note: ECM predominates in connective tissue and determines their physical characteristics

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16
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Discharge secretions into ducts (salivary glands)

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17
Q

Tissue that is striated and voluntary, many striations, many nuclei per cell, threadlike cell shapes

A

Skeletal muscle

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18
Q

3 types of cartilage tissue

A

1) hyaline
2) fibrocartilage
3) elastic cartilage

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19
Q

One of the most widespread and diverse tissues in the body and found in nearly every organ

A

Connective tissue

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20
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated and involuntary

Contains cross striations and dark bands

Contract heart

Make up wall of heart

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21
Q

3 organs of nervous system

A

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerves

Note: brain and spinal cord = CNS
Nerves= PNS

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22
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer of tissue within embryo. Gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood vessels.

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23
Q

3 types of simple columnar epithelium

A 
Goblet cells (produce mucus)
Cilia (sensory, detects changes)
Microvilli finger-like projections that increase surface area)
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24
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube shaped, have more cytoplasm

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25
Q

Which membranes covers 2 different surfaces in one continuous sheet?

A

Serous membranes (parietal and visceral)

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26
Q

Perichondrium

A

Membrane that surrounds the cartilage (nutrients diffuse through it)

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27
Q

4 Types of collagen (most abundant protein compound found in the body)

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Bones
Cartilage

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28
Q

4 types of human tissues

A

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

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29
Q

Classifications of epithelial tissue (shapes)

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Psuedostratified columnar

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30
Q

Histogenisis

A

Formation of tissues from primary germ layers of embryo.

Note: as embryo develops, the cells in each layer become more differentiated to form specific tissues

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31
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Connective tissue membrane that lines the spaces between bones and joints, as well as bursae

Note: no epithelial cells present

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32
Q

Only one duct leads to the surface

A

Simple exocrine gland

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33
Q

which membrane secretes a thin, watery fluid that lubricates organs?

A

Serous

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34
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of tall, column-shaped cells. Cells perform certain functions. Often line hollow visceral structures. Function to secrete, protect, absorb and move mucus.

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35
Q

Peritoneum

A

Cover abdominal viscera and lines abdominal cavity

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36
Q

Most prevalent type of cartilage tissue located on the ends of articulating bones:

A

Hyalin cartilage tissue

Note: firm but flexible support/connection between structures

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37
Q

2 types of body membranes

A

Epithelial

Connective

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38
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line body cavities that are not open to external environment and covers surface of organs

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39
Q

3 classifications of epithelial layers

A 
Simple epithelium (single layer0
Stratified epithelium (cells layered one on another)
Transitional epithelium (different cell shapes in a stratified epithelial sheet)
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40
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A

Fibrous
Bone
Cartilage
Blood

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41
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer most layer of embryonic tissue. Gives rise to skin and nervous system.

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42
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive tract

Note: clinically important because these are the places where our bodies are most likely to interact with microorganisms from external environment (key components of defense)

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43
Q

Astrocytes

Type of neuroglia

A

Regulate neuron function

44
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Liked with keratin fibers . Covers outer skin, protects. Outer layers may contain flattened cells that have lost nuclei.

45
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

46
Q

Matrix

A

Extracellular substance that surrounds tissues

Note: tissues can also be embedded within matrix

47
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Circulating blood tissue is formed in the red bone marrow

48
Q

1 type of cel in cartilage tissue

A

Chondrocytes

Note: avascular

49
Q

Dendrite

A

(One or more)- transmits nerve impulse toward the cell body and axon

50
Q

2 Shapes of exocrine glands

A

Tubular and alveolar (saclike)

51
Q

Contains many fine elastic fibers with high degree of flexibility and found in external ear and larynx. Provides strength and flexibility

A

Elastic cartilage tissue

52
Q

Microglia

Type of neuroglia

A

Destroy pathogens and damaged tissue cells in the brain

53
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Carbohydrates attached to a protein backbone

54
Q

Composition of whole blood is divided into 2 forms

A 
Plasma- matrix or liquid fraction (55% of blood volumes)
Formed elements (red, white and platelets- 45% of blood volume)
55
Q

One cell layer of cubed shaped cells found in many glands and ducts. Secretes and absorbs

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

56
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner most layer of tissue within embryo. Gives rise to digestive and urinary structures

57
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Formed indirectly through replacement of cartilage (long bones, short bones, irregular bones)

58
Q

Polarity of epithelial cells

A

(Two opposite faces)
Basal pole- faces underlying connective tissue
Apical pole- faces free surface of the sheet, or outward

59
Q

Neuron cells

A
  • conducting unit of system
  • characterized by a cell body or SOMA
  • transmits nerve signals away from cell body and toward cell body
60
Q

Avascular

A

No blood vessels

Note: epithelial tissue is no vascular

61
Q

Psuedostratified columnar

A

One layer of oddly shaped columnar cells

62
Q

Smooth muscle is….

A

Nonstriated and involuntary, also called visceral muscle tissue, only one nucleus per fiber , shaped like a spindle and they move substances, and change diameter of vessels.

63
Q

most numerous type of gland and the Only exocrine gland that does not cause any damage. Secretes directly through cell membrane . Most numerous type of gland

A

Merocrine gland

64
Q

Why is it hard and slow for cartilage tissue to repair?

A

Inefficient method of nutrient delivery (not as much blood circulation)

65
Q

Non keratinized stratified squads cell epithelium

A 
Lines vagina, mouth, and esophagus. No keratin
Free surface is moist
Protection is primary function
No flaking occurs
All cells have nuclei
66
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

-connects (muscle to muscle muscle to bone, bone to bone)
-supports
Transports
-defends

67
Q

Soma of nerve cell

A

Cell body

68
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

69
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Multiple layers of columnar cells that are rare and located in segments of male urethra and mucus layer near anus

70
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Varying cell shaped layer (Cuboidal and squamous depending on tension) that is stratified (often 10 layers. Or more). Protects organ walls and located in lining of hollow viscera

Note: subject to stress and tension

71
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

72
Q

Strongest and most durable type of cartilage found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis

A

Fibrocartilage

Note: serves as a shock absorbing material between bones at the knee (meniscus)

73
Q

Function: stretch, flexible connection

A

Fibrous connective tissue

74
Q

3 functions of bone tissue

A

Support and protection
Attachment points
Mineral reservoir
Supports blood forming tissue (red bone marrow)

75
Q

Spongelike appearance, forms framework to support red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) produces various types of blood cells

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone tissue

Also called trabecular bone

76
Q

Most unusual connective tissue because it exists in a liquid state , containing no ground substance or fibers

A

Blood tissue

77
Q

Multi layers of flat, squamous cells serving a protection function.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

78
Q

2 functions of nervous tissue

A

Rapid regulation

Integration of body activities

79
Q

Specializes in secretory activity

A

Glandular epithelium

80
Q

Axon

A

Single process, transmits nerve impulse AWAY

81
Q

Examples of epithelial tissues

A

Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels; surfaces of pleura pericardium, peritoneum; alveoli of lungs

Note: one layer, flat, scale-like cells that re permeable to many substances

82
Q

Trabeculae (in bone tissue)

A

Thin beams of bone- forms framework to support red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) also gives internal support to the bone

83
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

-Food/energy reserve
-Insulation (white fat) heat generation (brown fat)
Produces hormone lepton which signals the brain how much fat is stored and ready to use for energy.
-increases buoyancy

84
Q

Function of tissue

A

Group of similar cells that perform s common function. Fabric of the body that is sewn together to form organs and membranes, holding all organs together as a whole.

Note: each tissue specializes in performing at least one unique function to help maintain homeostasis.

85
Q

Holocrine glands

A

-secretion causes rupture and cell death.
-literally self-destruct to complete function
Sebaceous glands

86
Q

Neuroglia

A

Connect, support, and regulate the function of neurons

87
Q

2 kinds of cells in nerve tissue

A

Neuron

Neuralgia

88
Q

3 glandular tissues made by epithelial tissue

A

Apocrine
Halo time
Meocrine

89
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Part of ECM. Protein-carbohydrate hybrid molecules. Proteins with few carbs attached . It binds ECM to cells creating a strong integrated structure and provides communication between ECM and cells

Note: Examples include fibro Ext in and taminin

90
Q

4 functions of blood

A

Transportation of gases, nutrients, and waste

Regulation of temperature

Regulation of pH

White blood cells destroy bacteria

91
Q

Conducting units of nervous system

A

Neurons

92
Q

Carry nerve signals toward the axon

A

Dendrite

93
Q

Columnar

A

Have more height than width, appear narrow and cylindrical

94
Q

Parietal membrane

A

Serous membrane that lines walls of the cavity

95
Q

What connective tissue type consists of 3-D reticular network that forms the framework for the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Functions: -defense against microorganisms and other harmful shit.
-reticular mesh work filters harmful shit while reticular cells phagocytose them.

A

Reticular

96
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

97
Q

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

Types of neuroglia

A

Electrically insulate axons to increase their speed of conduction

98
Q

3 types of epithelial membrane

A

Cutaneous
Serous
Mucous

Note: composed of superficial layer of epithelial tissue attached by a basement membrane to an underlying layer of connective tissue

99
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A 
Skin
Primary organ of integumentary system
One of the largest, most important,most visible organs
16% of body weight 
Contains sweat and oil glands
100
Q

Aqua as cells

A

Cells are flat and plate like, “scaley”

101
Q

Visceral membrane

A

Serous membrane that covers surface of viscera (organs within cavity)

102
Q

Exocrine glands that

  • collect near the apex of the cell and are secreted by pinching off the distended end
  • secretion results in some damage
  • recovery is rapid
  • sweat glands and mammary glands
A

Apocrine glands

103
Q

What 3 primary germ layers form within the embryo (2 weeks after conception)

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

104
Q

2 or more rows of cuboidal cells with indistinct basement membrane. Located in sweat glands ducts and pharynx

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

105
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Material between cells in tissue. Gel like substance made up of water and a variety of proteins and other molecules.

Biology 105 (2 decks)

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