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Microbiology > chapter 8-9 quiz > Flashcards

chapter 8-9 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Silver sulfadiazine

A

Used topically on burns

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2
Q

Copper sulfate

A

effective algicide in lakes and swimming
pools

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3
Q

chlorine

A

household disinfectant as well as used for pools

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4
Q

Iodine

A

skin antiseptic, may kill endospores in high conc

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5
Q

alcohols

A

ethanol and isopropanol, bactericidal, fungicidal, but not sporicidal. Act by denaturing proteins and dissolving membrane lipids.

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6
Q

phenolics

A

used as lab and hospital disinfectant. Denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes (Lysol)

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7
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Used for sterilization and pasteurization of antibiotics,hormones, sutures, plastic disposable supplies, and food.

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8
Q

UV radiation

A

surface sterilization because it doesn’t penetrate dirt, water, glass, etc. Causes thymine dimers which stop replication and transcription.

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9
Q

Dry Heat Sterilization

A

less effective than moist because it takes longer and must be hotter. Denatures proteins, doesn’t corrode metal or glassware. 160-170 degrees for 2-3 hours

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10
Q

Tyndallization

A

for items that can not withstand the high heat of the autoclave. 30-60 min exposure with 23-24 hours between exposures 2-3 times.

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11
Q

Pasteurization

A

Used for milk, wine, etc. does not sterilize, but does kill pathogens and
slows spoilage. controlled heating between 63-65 degrees

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12
Q

Steam sterilization

A

The Autoclave- used in hospitals and such, over 100 degrees, effective against all microbes, including spores.

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13
Q

Moist Heat

A

It does not kill endospores and does not sterilize but disinfects drinking water. Yeasts and bacteria take the least amount of time and then molds and viruses and then prions

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14
Q

filtering air

A

n-95 masks and HEPA fiters

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15
Q

membrane filters

A

porous membranes that only let microbes of certain sizes through

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16
Q

filtration

A

fibrous materials that
have been bonded into a think layer
filled with narrow, twisting channels

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17
Q

D value

A

is time required to drop by 10-fold

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18
Q

Z value

A

temperature change that decreases the
microbial population by 90%

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19
Q

what six conditions affect the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agent Activity?

A

Population size, Population composition, Concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent, Contact time, Temperature, Local environment

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20
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Developed concept of selective toxicity

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21
Q

the golden era of antibiotics

A

mid 1900s (1950s)

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22
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Ability of drug to kill or inhibit a pathogen while damaging host as little as possible

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23
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose. The higher the index the better

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24
Q

Dilution Susceptibility Tests

A

Used to determine the MIC and MLC values

25
Disk Diffusion Tests
used to analyze rapidly growing bacteria. see how affective an antibiotic is
26
The Etest
Often used in sensitivity testing.
27
what are antibiotics main modes of action
1. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis 2. protein synthesis inhibitors 3. metabolic antagonists 4. Nucleic Acid synthesis inhibition
28
penicilins
cell wall inhibitors- Most are 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives. β-lactam ring—most crucial feature of molecule. Acts by inhibiting transpeptidation, blocking cell wall formation.
29
Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Naturally occurring penicillins. Narrow spectrum drugs- Effective against many Gram- positive pathogens
30
Semisynthetic penicillins
have a broader spectrum. Antistaphylococcal, and Aminopenicillins (wider coverage - can affect gram - bacteria)
31
Cephalosporins
cell wall inhibitor- Structurally and functionally similar to penicillins. Earlier-generation drugs have better Gram-positive converge then later generations, which are more effective against Gram-negatives.
32
Aminoglycosides
protein synthesis inhibitor- Bactericidal, and generally used for Gram-negative bacteria. Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit, interfere with mRNA reading and/or causing early termination of peptide synthesis
33
Tetracyclines
protein synthesis inhibitor- Bacteriostatic, and are broad spectrum. Target the 30S subunit of the ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis.
34
Macrolides
protein synthesis inhibitor- Bacteriostatic, and broad spectrum. Target the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit bacterial protein elongation. Used for patients allergic to penicillin.
35
Lincosamines
protein synthesis inhibitor- Broad spectrum of antibiotic activity against anaerobic microbes. Used sparingly because they can support the growth of C. dif.
36
Antimetabolites
metabolic antagonists- Antagonize, or block, functioning of metabolic pathways. Compete with metabolites for binding sites. Bacteriostatic, and broad-spectrum activity.
37
Sulfonamides or Sulfa Drugs
metabolic antagonists- PABA used for the synthesis of folic acid, which is required for synthesis of purines. High therapeutic index, because target process not in humans
38
Trimethoprim
metabolic antagonists- Synthetic antibiotic that interferes with folic acid production. Broad spectrum, often used to treat UTI. Combined with sulfa drugs increases efficacy. Blocks two steps in folic acid pathway.
39
Topoisomerases
Used in DNA replication
40
RNA polymerase
an enzyme used in RNA transcription
41
Fluoroquinolones
nucleic acid inhibitor- Bactericidal, and broad spectrum. Inhibit by disrupting DNA replication. Overuse is leading to development of resistance.
42
antiviral drugs
nucleic acid inhibitor- inhibit virus-specific-enzymes and replication cycle processes. limit the duration or severity of a viral infection but doesn't get rid of it.
43
Oseltamivir
nucleic acid inhibitor- anti-flu drug.
44
Marboxil baloxavir
nucleic acid inhibitor- anti-flu drug Prevents cap snatching when host’s 5’ caps are added to viral transcripts so they cannot continue to reproduce.
45
Acyclovir and vidarabine
nucleic acid inhibitor- herpes and shingles
46
Ganciclovir
nucleic acid inhibitor- Systemic cytomegalovirus illness
47
Foscarnet
nucleic acid inhibitor- used in cases of acyclovir or ganciclovir resistance
48
antifungal drugs
have low therapeutic index and are toxic. Fungistatic- Only when high levels of the drug are maintained
49
Superficial and cutaneous mycoses
Infections of skin and hair (that is, Candida). Topical and oral
50
Griseofulvin
Disrupts mitotic spindles, preventing cell division. Used for mycoses
51
Nystatin
Too toxic to be taken systemically. Used for mycoses.
52
Systemic mycoses
Difficult to control and can be fatal.
53
what are the 3 common drugs used for systemic mycoses
1. Amphotericin B 2. 5-flucytosine—disrupts RNA function. 3. Fluconazole—low side effects, used prophylactically
54
Echinocandins
Recently developed class of anti-fungal drug. Block the synthesis of the fungal cell wall
55
Antiprotozoan Drugs
Quinine- The microbe normally polymerizes a toxic heme metabolite into a nontoxic form, hemazoin. Quinines stop this process, and the toxic metabolite accumulates
56
intrinsic drug resistance
A property makes it drug resistant
57
acquired drug resistance
Occurs when there is a change in the genome of a bacterium that converts it to become resistant/
58
what are the 4 mechs of drug resistance
1-Modify the target of the antibiotic. 2-Drug inactivation. 3-Minimize the concentration of antibiotic in the cell. 4-Bypass the biochemical reaction inhibited by the agent or increase the production of the target metabolite.

Microbiology (8 decks)

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