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Microbiology > chapter 10 and 11 > Flashcards

chapter 10 and 11 Flashcards

for quiz and exam

1
Q

chemical work

A

synthesis of complex molecules

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2
Q

transport work

A

take up of nutrients, eliminates wastes, and maintains ion balance

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3
Q

mechanical work

A

cell motility and movement of structures within the cell

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4
Q

exergonic reaction

A

spontaneous, - gibbs free

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5
Q

endergonic reaction

A

not spontaneous, + gibbs free

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6
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

making ATP using molecules like PEP as a source for the phosphoryl group

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7
Q

LEO GER

A

Lose Electrons Oxidized
Gain Electrons Reduced

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8
Q

E0

A

equilibrium constant for redox reactions
more - = better donor, more += acceptor

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9
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

a chain of redox reactions where the carrier is reduced and passes the e- to the nect carrier and the energy released is turned into ATP

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10
Q

Where are electron carriers?

A

bacterial and archaeal cells- Plasma Membrane and intracytoplasmic membranes
eukaryotic cells- internal membranes of the mitochondria and chloroplasts

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11
Q

What are some e- carriers?

A

NAD, NADP, FAD. FMN, CoA (ubiquinome), cytochromes, nonhemeiron proteins, ferredoxin

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12
Q

Apoenzyme

A

protein component of an enzyme

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13
Q

substrate

A

reacting molecules

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14
Q

cofactor

A

nonprotein component of an enzyme

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15
Q

prosthetic group

A

covalently attached

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16
Q

coenzyme

A

loosely attached and can dissociate

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17
Q

holoenzyme

A

apoenzyme and cofactor

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18
Q

oxidoreductase

A

enzyme in redox reactions

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19
Q

transferase

A

enzyme in rxn involving the transfer of chemical groups between molecules

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20
Q

Hydrolase

A

Enzyme in hydrolysis (breakdown of molecules that makes water)

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21
Q

Lyase

A

Enzyme in breaking C-C, C-N, C-O and other bonds (breakdown without creating water)

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22
Q

Isomerase

A

Enzyme in rearranging molecules into isomers

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23
Q

Ligase

A

Enzyme in joining two molecules together using ATP

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24
Q

what effects enzyme activity?

A

Substrate conc., temperature, pH

25
competitive inhibitor
directly competes for the active site so the enzyme can't bind
26
noncompetitive inhibitor
binds the enzyme somewhere besides the active site and changes its shape so it becomes inactive`
27
Lithotrophs
use reduced inorganic substances.
28
Organotrophs
extracts electrons from reduced organic compounds
29
Heterotrophs
Use organic molecules as carbon sources
30
Autotrophs
Use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon source
31
respiration
uses ETC Aerobic and Anaerobic
32
Aerobic respiration
O is final electron acceptor glucose broken down into pyruvate
33
what are the 3 pathways of aerobic respiration?
EMP, EDP, Pentose Phosphate Pathway
34
what are the two phases of EMP?
6-Carbon phase and 3-Carbon phase
35
describe the 6-Carbon phase
"primes the pump" with phosphates, invests some ATP
36
describe the 3-Carbon phase
energy conserving, NADH and ATP produced w/ substrate level phosphorylation
37
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
1 Glucose ---- 2 Pyruvate----1 NADH, 1CO2, 1acetyl-CoA
38
TCA/ Krebs/ Citric Acid Cycle
-turns 2x to oxidize 1 glucose - common in aerobic bacteria, archaea, free-living protists, and fungi acetyl-CoA---- 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP
39
what are the electron carrier proteins?
Flavin and Quinones
40
Proton Motive Force
formed by the concentration and charge gradient made by proton movement
41
anaerobic respiration
nitrate, sulfate, CO2, metal, and organic molecules can be final e acceptor
42
Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction
Nitrate is used as terminal e acceptor making it unavailable for reuptake
43
Denitrification
Reduction of Nitrate to N gas
44
Fermentation
-does not use ETC - Pyruvate= endogenous e acceptor - ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation
45
Homolactic fermentation
Pyruvate reduced to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase
46
Heterolactic fermentation
forms other products and lactate (ethanol and CO2)
47
Alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate decarboxylated to acetaldehyde, reduced to ethanol w/ alcohol dehydrogenase
48
What else can microorganisms use for energy ?
carbs, lipids, and proteins
49
Chemolithotrophy
-gets e by oxidizing inorganic molecules -certain bacteria and archaea -terminal e acceptor is O2
50
what are the 3 types of chemolithotrophy?
Oxidize Hydrogen Oxidize N- Nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrate (nitrification) Oxidize Sulfur- H2S, S, S2O3^2- are e donors to their ETC
51
photosynthesis- light reactions
light energy is trapped and converted to chem energy
52
photosynthesis- dark reactions
energy produced in the light rxn is used to reduce CO2 and synthesize cell constituents
53
what are the 2 typed of photosynthesis?
Oxygenic and Anoxygenic
54
Oxygenic photosynthesis
eukaryotes and cyanobacteria w/ chloroplasts- O is generated and released
55
what are the different types of generating ATP?
non-cyclic ( NADPH and ATP) cyclic (ATP only)
56
what are the photosystems?
Photosystem 1- absorb long wavelength and funnels to chlorophyll a Photosystem 2- absorb short wavelengths and funnels to chlorophyll P680
57
anoxygenic photosynthesis
-H2O not e source so O2 is not produced -pigments used -only 1 photosystem -mech used to generate reducing power
58
what is Rhodopsin-based phototrophy
-used by organisms in nutrient-depleted environments - chlorophyll- independent phototrophy - light driven proton pump
59
Archaerhodopsin
deep purple pigment (used in Rhodopsin- based phototrophy)

Microbiology (8 decks)

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