Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biol 1020 (Improved) > Chapter 8 & 9: Cell Division and Mitosis > Flashcards

Chapter 8 & 9: Cell Division and Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Euchromatin

A

An accessible chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Heterochromatin

A

Inaccessible chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do Microtubules attach to a chromosome?

A

At the centromere (lil dip in a chromosome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a sister chromatid?

A

Before mitosis, each chromosome perfectly replicates itself making a pair of two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three phases of inter phase

A

G1, S, G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is G0

A

A phase where a cell that never replicates simply repeats G1 until it dies, cells that do this are called quiescent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens in G1

A

The cell grows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in phase S

A

The cell duplicates DNA making sister chromatids from chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in G2

A

The cell continues function as it waits for mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does G stand for in G1 and G2

A

G stands for gap gangy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two parts of mitotic phase

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are cyclins

A

proteins that cycle in abundance during the Cell Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Cell Cycle

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CDK

A

cyclin dependent kinase, a kinase that cyclin attaches to like duh tf, when enough cyclin is in cell cycle the kinase takes it and does kinase things forming the maturation promotion factor in the cell … this grows cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints

A

G1, G2 and M (Mitosis to Cytokinesis), checkpoints prevent mutations and uncontrolled division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Chargaff’s rules?

A

DNA base composition varies between species and each species share roughly the same percentages between AT and GC bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is semi-conservative replication

A

Where each strand of DNA serves as a template to make two new complementary strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are origins of Replications

A

The various points across a chromosome where DNA replication begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are replication forks

A

areas near the origin of replication where the parent DNA splits in two and gets ready to accompany a daughter strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Replication bubbles

A

The points behind ORI’s where daughter strands attach to parent strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is helicase

A

Enzymes that unwind and separate DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Other wrong models for DNA replication

A

Conservative model - parent doesn’t split new DNA just appears, Dispersive model - Parent just breaks down and attaches randomly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is topoisomerase

A

An enzyme that stops parts of DNA that aren’t meant to split yet in replication from splitting, holds the together

24
Q

What is RNA primer

A

A piece of RNA that adds DNA base pairs to parent strands during DNA synthesis

25
What is primase
An enzyme that binds to a parent DNA strand and makes an RNA primer
26
What is DNA polymerase III
the main enzymes that synthesizes new DNA strands. Only adds daughter strands from a 5' to 3' direction
27
What does DNA polymerase III use as substrates for DNA synthesis
dATP, dTTP, dCTP, dGTP
28
What is a leading strand
The part of the daughter strand built in the 5' to 3' direction, swaps around the origin of replication, synthesis goes brr
29
What is a lagging strand
the part of the daughter strand in a 3' to 5' direction, slow as each section needs a new RNA primer for DNA polymerase to work on, these small sections made by each primer are called Okazaki fragments
30
What are Okazaki fragments
The sections next to each primer in the lagging strand during DNA synthesis by polymerase
31
What is DNA polymerase I
An enzyme that replaces RNA primers with DNA starting from the 3' hydroxyl from the last Okazaki fragment
32
What is DNA ligase
An enzyme that finalizes the bonds of daughter strands and parent strands.
33
What happens at the end of a lagging strand
DNA polymerase I cannot replace the primer with DNA because the last Okazaki fragment does not have a 3' end so the primer just disintegrates and the end is left empty
34
What happens as replication occurs
Due to what happens at the end of a lagging strand DNA replication makes one strand that gets smaller and smaller.
35
What are telomeres
A short, repeated DNA sequence and list of specific proteins at the ends of a chromosomes, allows the loss of DNA after each round of replication
36
What happens to telomeres as you age?
It gets shorter and shorter
37
What is telomerase
An enzyme that elongates telomeres, gametes produce this enzyme
38
What does cancer do to telomeres
It provides way too much telomerase causing DNA to keep replicating and elongating telomers forever
39
What are the requirements for S-G2 checkpoint
Successful DNA replication and Undamaged DNA
40
What is MPF
Maturing promoting factor (when cyclin dependent kinase has enough cyclin and starts phosphorylating everything in sight causing it to grow.
41
What are centrosomes
Membrane free organelles that attach mitotic spindle's to themselves (microfilaments) and wrap around a cell in mitosis
42
What are Cohesin
A protein that sticks sister chromatids
43
What are poles in Mitosis
The opposite ends where centrosomes are in
44
What is a kinetochore
An arrangement of centrosomes and protein that stick onto the end of a microfilament and lie between it and the sister chromatid in metaphase
45
Metaphase plate
The axis in which all the filaments are lined up on during metaphase
46
What is Aneuploidy
incorrect # of chromosomes
47
What happens in telophase
After each cell has replicate the sister chromatids once again uncondensed themselves
48
What happens in prophase?
Uncondensed chromosomes become condensed sister chromatids
49
What is cytokinesis
The division of a cell after mitosis into two daughter cells
50
What forms the contractile ring in cytoplasm to initiate cytokinesis
Actin microfilaments and the motor protein myosin
51
What is a cleavage furrow
When myosin uses ATP to pinch cells apart in mitosis
52
How do plant cells do cytokinesis
They make a new cell wall that splits them apart using resources brought in by vesicles
53
How do animals do mitosis but not cytokinesis? and which do?
Slime molds do mitosis without cytokinesis forming a big line of cells still connected to each other creating a multi nuclei cell other things that do this are insect embryos and plant trichomes
54
What is a common cancer mutation
Messing up a protein called p53 so that cells can't sense DNA damage
55
How do prokaryotes divide?
Prokaryotes divide through binary fission
56
How does binary fission occur?
Prokaryotes copy their origin of replication and move them to opposite ends of the cell, they spam replicate DNA then split apart

Biol 1020 (Improved) (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions