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Biol 1020 (Improved) > Chapter 8 & 9: Cell Division and Mitosis > Flashcards

Chapter 8 & 9: Cell Division and Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Euchromatin

A

An accessible chromosome

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2
Q

What is Heterochromatin

A

Inaccessible chromosome

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3
Q

Where do Microtubules attach to a chromosome?

A

At the centromere (lil dip in a chromosome)

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4
Q

What is a sister chromatid?

A

Before mitosis, each chromosome perfectly replicates itself making a pair of two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids

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5
Q

What are the three phases of inter phase

A

G1, S, G2

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6
Q

What is G0

A

A phase where a cell that never replicates simply repeats G1 until it dies, cells that do this are called quiescent cells

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7
Q

What happens in G1

A

The cell grows

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8
Q

What happens in phase S

A

The cell duplicates DNA making sister chromatids from chromosomes

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9
Q

What happens in G2

A

The cell continues function as it waits for mitosis

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10
Q

What does G stand for in G1 and G2

A

G stands for gap gangy

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11
Q

What are the two parts of mitotic phase

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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12
Q

What are cyclins

A

proteins that cycle in abundance during the Cell Cycle

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13
Q

What is the Cell Cycle

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

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14
Q

CDK

A

cyclin dependent kinase, a kinase that cyclin attaches to like duh tf, when enough cyclin is in cell cycle the kinase takes it and does kinase things forming the maturation promotion factor in the cell … this grows cell

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15
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints

A

G1, G2 and M (Mitosis to Cytokinesis), checkpoints prevent mutations and uncontrolled division.

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16
Q

What are Chargaff’s rules?

A

DNA base composition varies between species and each species share roughly the same percentages between AT and GC bases

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17
Q

What is semi-conservative replication

A

Where each strand of DNA serves as a template to make two new complementary strands

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18
Q

What are origins of Replications

A

The various points across a chromosome where DNA replication begins

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19
Q

What are replication forks

A

areas near the origin of replication where the parent DNA splits in two and gets ready to accompany a daughter strand

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20
Q

Replication bubbles

A

The points behind ORI’s where daughter strands attach to parent strands

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21
Q

What is helicase

A

Enzymes that unwind and separate DNA

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22
Q

Other wrong models for DNA replication

A

Conservative model - parent doesn’t split new DNA just appears, Dispersive model - Parent just breaks down and attaches randomly.

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23
Q

What is topoisomerase

A

An enzyme that stops parts of DNA that aren’t meant to split yet in replication from splitting, holds the together

24
Q

What is RNA primer

A

A piece of RNA that adds DNA base pairs to parent strands during DNA synthesis

25
Q

What is primase

A

An enzyme that binds to a parent DNA strand and makes an RNA primer

26
Q

What is DNA polymerase III

A

the main enzymes that synthesizes new DNA strands. Only adds daughter strands from a 5’ to 3’ direction

27
Q

What does DNA polymerase III use as substrates for DNA synthesis

A

dATP, dTTP, dCTP, dGTP

28
Q

What is a leading strand

A

The part of the daughter strand built in the 5’ to 3’ direction, swaps around the origin of replication, synthesis goes brr

29
Q

What is a lagging strand

A

the part of the daughter strand in a 3’ to 5’ direction, slow as each section needs a new RNA primer for DNA polymerase to work on, these small sections made by each primer are called Okazaki fragments

30
Q

What are Okazaki fragments

A

The sections next to each primer in the lagging strand during DNA synthesis by polymerase

31
Q

What is DNA polymerase I

A

An enzyme that replaces RNA primers with DNA starting from the 3’ hydroxyl from the last Okazaki fragment

32
Q

What is DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that finalizes the bonds of daughter strands and parent strands.

33
Q

What happens at the end of a lagging strand

A

DNA polymerase I cannot replace the primer with DNA because the last Okazaki fragment does not have a 3’ end so the primer just disintegrates and the end is left empty

34
Q

What happens as replication occurs

A

Due to what happens at the end of a lagging strand DNA replication makes one strand that gets smaller and smaller.

35
Q

What are telomeres

A

A short, repeated DNA sequence and list of specific proteins at the ends of a chromosomes, allows the loss of DNA after each round of replication

36
Q

What happens to telomeres as you age?

A

It gets shorter and shorter

37
Q

What is telomerase

A

An enzyme that elongates telomeres, gametes produce this enzyme

38
Q

What does cancer do to telomeres

A

It provides way too much telomerase causing DNA to keep replicating and elongating telomers forever

39
Q

What are the requirements for S-G2 checkpoint

A

Successful DNA replication and Undamaged DNA

40
Q

What is MPF

A

Maturing promoting factor (when cyclin dependent kinase has enough cyclin and starts phosphorylating everything in sight causing it to grow.

41
Q

What are centrosomes

A

Membrane free organelles that attach mitotic spindle’s to themselves (microfilaments) and wrap around a cell in mitosis

42
Q

What are Cohesin

A

A protein that sticks sister chromatids

43
Q

What are poles in Mitosis

A

The opposite ends where centrosomes are in

44
Q

What is a kinetochore

A

An arrangement of centrosomes and protein that stick onto the end of a microfilament and lie between it and the sister chromatid in metaphase

45
Q

Metaphase plate

A

The axis in which all the filaments are lined up on during metaphase

46
Q

What is Aneuploidy

A

incorrect # of chromosomes

47
Q

What happens in telophase

A

After each cell has replicate the sister chromatids once again uncondensed themselves

48
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Uncondensed chromosomes become condensed sister chromatids

49
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

The division of a cell after mitosis into two daughter cells

50
Q

What forms the contractile ring in cytoplasm to initiate cytokinesis

A

Actin microfilaments and the motor protein myosin

51
Q

What is a cleavage furrow

A

When myosin uses ATP to pinch cells apart in mitosis

52
Q

How do plant cells do cytokinesis

A

They make a new cell wall that splits them apart using resources brought in by vesicles

53
Q

How do animals do mitosis but not cytokinesis? and which do?

A

Slime molds do mitosis without cytokinesis forming a big line of cells still connected to each other creating a multi nuclei cell other things that do this are insect embryos and plant trichomes

54
Q

What is a common cancer mutation

A

Messing up a protein called p53 so that cells can’t sense DNA damage

55
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

Prokaryotes divide through binary fission

56
Q

How does binary fission occur?

A

Prokaryotes copy their origin of replication and move them to opposite ends of the cell, they spam replicate DNA then split apart

Biol 1020 (Improved) (4 decks)

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