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Biol 1020 (Improved) > Chapter 6: Cell Energetics > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cell Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex organic molecules

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2
Q

What is a Redox reaction?

A

A reaction that transfers electrons from one molecule to another

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3
Q

LEO meaning

A

Loss of electrons is oxidation (Reactant to Product)

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4
Q

GER Meaning

A

Gain of electrons is reduction (Reactant to Product)

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5
Q

Rule for differentiating between reduced and oxidized molecules in Redox reactions.

A

From Reactant to product

Oxidized molecules - more oxygen, less hydrogen (bonds)

reduced molecules - less oxygen, more hydrogen (bonds)

R loves H, O loves O, R hates O, O hates H

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6
Q

Reducing agent

A

Oxidized molecule in a redox reaction

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7
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Reduced molecule in a redox reaction

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8
Q

What does LUCA refer too?

A

the very first cell, stands for last universal common ancestor

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9
Q

What is the order of catabolic pathways in aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC and chemiosmosis)

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10
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

A catabolic pathway in which 2 ATP form 4 ATP, 2 NAD+’s are reduced, and glucose (6C) is turned into a 2 pyruvates (3C) and 2 H2O

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11
Q

What is the Net Equation of Glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C) + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate (3C) + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

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12
Q

What are the phases of Glycolysis?

A

Energy investment phase - 2 ATP makes ADP and Phosphate

Energy Pay off Phase - ADP and Phosphate make 4 ATP, NAD+ is reduced, and glucose turns into pyruvates and water

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13
Q

Where does Aerobic Respiration occur

A

In the Mitochondria

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14
Q

Where does Anaerobic Respiration occur

A

In the cytosol and plasma membrane (Oxidative phosphorylation)

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15
Q

What happens in Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

A protein called pyruvate dehydrogenase removes carbon dioxide of the pyruvates from glycolysis, reduces NAD+ with excess electrons, and turns the remaining pyruvate into Acetyl CoA (2C) using Coenzyme A

Pyruvate - CO2 released, NAD reduced, Coenzyme A added, Acetyl CoA created

(This happens twice cause two pyruvates)

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16
Q

How Many reactions occur in the Citric Acid Cycle

A

8 reactions

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17
Q

What is used and produced in the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Remember (1 Acetyl CoA) used (3 NAD, 1 FAD, 1ATP) produced per TCA

Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate Oxidation and a sugar called Oxaloacetate (4C) is used to create Citrate (6C) kickstarting the cycle which reduces 3 NAD+’s, Reduces FAD to FADH2, release 2 CO2, 1 ATP, Releases Coenzyme A, and recreates an Oxaloacetate

Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate is used, Citrate created and used

FAD is reduced, 3 NAD+’s reduced (times 2 TCA happens twice per glucose)

CO2, ATP, Coenzyme A, Oxaloacetate

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18
Q

What does the Electron Transport Chain do?

A

Oxidizes NADH and FADH2 (from other pathways) and puts the released electrons through a series of reactions going from higher potential energy to lower potential energy chemicals releasing energy

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19
Q

What is the difference between Anaerobic and Aerobic Electron Transport Chains

A

For Aerobic respiration the final lowest potential energy chemical contains oxygen which has a high electronegativity and therefore very low potential energy (sucky sucky strong) while anaerobic respiration uses chemicals that don’t have as low potential energy.

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20
Q

What chemicals does Anaerobic respiration use instead of oxygen?

A

Ferric Iron (Fe 3+) , Nitrite (NO2 -), Sulfate (SO4 2-), Carbon Dioxide, (CO2)

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21
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

The energy from ETC creates a proton motive force using H+ from oxidized NADs and FADs then chemiosmosis brings them back to the matrix through a proton channel called ATP Synthase that creates ATP

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22
Q

How much ATP is made in anaerobic ATP synthase

A

12 to 26

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23
Q

How much ATP is made in aerobic ATP synthase

A

26 to 28

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24
Q

How much H+ is released per NAD

A

10

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25
Q

How much H+ is released per FAD

A

6

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26
Q

What is the Proton Motive Force?

A

pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane of the mitochondria (pumping protons somewhere with an already high proton concentration)

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27
Q

What is Chemiosmosis

A

Osmosis of protons, the moving of protons down their concentration gradient

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28
Q

How much proton does it take to create one ATP in ATP Synthase?

A

4 protons

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29
Q

How much ATP is made per glucose in aerobic respiration

A

30 to 32

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30
Q

What are 3 major parts of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Electron transport chain, chemiosmosis and ATP synthase.

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31
Q

How Many NADs and FADs are reduced per glucose?

A

10 NADs and 2 FADs

32
Q

What is beta oxidation

A

A process that turns fatty acids into Acetyl CoA

33
Q

What chemicals can be used for respiration other than glucose?

A

Amino acids, other sugars, glycerol and fatty acids.

34
Q

How many Acetyl CoA’s are made per fatty acid beta oxidation?

A

1 Acetyl CoA is made for every 2 carbon in a fatty acid

35
Q

How many NADs and FADs are made per beta oxidation?

A

1 NAD and 1 FAD per every Acetyl CoA

36
Q

What form of respiration came first?

A

Anaerobic respiration arose in prokaryotes

37
Q

What triggered the evolution of Aerobic respiration?

A

Photosynthetic bacteria oxygenated the atmosphere causing mass extinction and triggering the evolution of aerobic respiration in prokaryotes

38
Q

What is the overall reaction of photosynthesis

A

Energy + 6 Carbon dioxide + 6 Water makes Glucose and oxygen

39
Q

What does Anabolic mean?

A

metabolic activity with the biosynthesis of complex molecules

40
Q

What are the components of light reaction

A

photosystems I and II, ETC, and ATP synthase

41
Q

What does the Calvin cycle do overall (very basic)

A

uses the oxidation of ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) to reduce CO2 which then makes 3C sugars which then make glucose and other sugars. Creates NADP+ and ADP for light reactions in the process

42
Q

What are the two main components of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions and the Calvin Cycle (Dark reactions)

43
Q

Describe the structure of a chloroplast

A

Surrounded by a double membrane is stacks of thylakoid membrane sacs (thylakoids) called grana

44
Q

What is lumen?

A

the inside of thylakoids (grana)

45
Q

What is Stroma?

A

space between double membrane and grana

46
Q

Where does each phase of photosynthesis occur?

A

Light reactions occur on grana while the Calvin cycle occurs in stroma

47
Q

What is the physics behind pigments?

A

When the electrons of a pigment are excited by light they release their energy and return to ground state by passing it to another molecule

48
Q

What are pigments

A

Molecules that can absorb photons

49
Q

What are the 3 main pigments in chloroplast

A

Chlorophyll a (blue) and b (green) (very abundant) and carotenoids (orange) (less abundant)

50
Q

What is a light harvesting complex?

A

An arrangement of pigments by membrane proteins in a way that allows pigments to pass on energy to other molecules when excited instead of releasing energy and returning to ground state

51
Q

What is a reaction center?

A

The middle of a light harvesting complex, all energy passed along by pigments is eventually stored here.

52
Q

What is a reaction center made of?

A

It is made of specially arranged (special pairs of) chlorophyll a called P680 (always in pairs of 2) or P700, P for pigment, number for wavelength best absorbed.

53
Q

What does the reaction center do?

A

It uses all its energy for redox chemistry

54
Q

What is the first part of photosynthesis’ light reactions

A

Photosystem II happens first and it happens in the reaction center

55
Q

What happens in Photosystem II? (Basic Run down

A

Two P680 pairs in the reaction center absorb light and release two electrons each, storing 4 electrons in the primary acceptor. The ionized P80 pairs remove four electrons from 2 water molecules creating oxygen and 4 free H+ protons. The electrons in the primary acceptor are used for ETC which creates energy for a proton motive force. The proton motive force transports protons from grana membrane to lumen through a structure called a Cytochrome complex. ATP synthase occurs as chemiosmosis passes the protons back through the complex and out into the stroma.

56
Q

What is a primary electron acceptor

A

A structure in the reaction center that accepts electrons

57
Q

Cytochrome Complex

A

A structure between the thylakoid membrane and lumen that protons go through

58
Q

What are electron carriers?

A

PSII - plastoquionone(Pq) and plastocyanin (Pc), they carry electrons from the primary acceptor to the (Pq does that) ETC and onto photosystem I (Pc)

PSI - ferredoxin carries electron into NADP+ reductase

59
Q

What happens in photosystem I

A

A P700 pair goes through the first process P680 went through in PSII, but they instead restabilize using excess electrons from PSII’s acceptor. The stable P700 is then reenergized releasing the electrons it just gained to its primary acceptor. When 2 electrons are now fully energized they are passed to ferredoxin (carrier) and are then passed to NADP+ reductase in the stroma which is then used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

60
Q

What is made during light reactions?

A

ATP, NADPH, and O2

61
Q

What is photophosphorylation

A

The ATP creation process in PSII, ATP synthase, ETC

62
Q

Describe the Calvin cycle (rundown detailed)

A

An anabolic pathway of 11 enzymes that build glyceride 3-phosphate (G3P)(3C). Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions. Starts by using ribulose bisphosphate (5C) and reproduces ribulose bisphosphate at the end. Reduces CO2 to COH. One calvin cycle happens 3 at a time using 3 CO2 3 RuBP and making 6 G3P.

63
Q

What does Rubisco do in the Calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco (Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase) is an enzyme that adds a CO2 to ribulose bisphophate (5C) (RuBP) to make a 6C intermediate which then turns into two 3C phosphoglycerate which eventually turn to G3P

64
Q

What happens to 3C (6 of em cuz calvin 3 times each) phosphoglycerate in the Calvin Cycle?

A

It receives energy from 6 ATP (light reactions) turning them to ADP, it is then reduced using electrons from the oxidation of 6 NADPH, this process turns the phosphoglycerate into G3P

65
Q

What is G3P used for?

A

1 G3P is used to make glucose and other molecules while the other G3P are used to produce ATP. They join glycolysis past the energy investment phase and kick off the rest of aerobic respiration. Every 2 G3P kicks off respiration without investing 2 atp into glycolysis

66
Q

How much NAD and FAD are made in aerobic respiration

A

10 NAD, 2 from glyc, 2 from pyruvate oxidation, 6 from citric acid cycle.

67
Q

Why is Rubisco imperfect

A

If temperature is higher happens more but ,happens 25% of the time normally if oxygen is accidentally added instead of just CO2 into the calvin cycle, the enzyme only makes one 3C glyco and one 2C phosphoglycolate which have to be reduced through photorespiration which wastes a lot of ATP. Changes in concentration of CO2 and O2 in chloroplast can cause this issue

68
Q

What cells do photosynthesis occur in normal C3 plants

A

Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll cells in the middle of a leaf

69
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in a C3 plant?

A

In the stomata (openings in plant membrane)

70
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in special C4 plants

A

It occurs in veins called bundle sheath cells, gas exchange occurs closer to chloroplasts making for less rubisco failures

71
Q

What is Percarboxylase ?

A

Only in C4 plants, An enzyme that adds carbon from CO2 to PEP, an alternate light reaction, it creates no inaccuracies unlike Rubisco, PEP does cost an ATP to start but its less than the cost of photorespiration when Rubisco makes an accident

72
Q

What is fermentation and why does it happen?

A

If aerobic respirators are lacking oxygen, the ETC can not be fully completed and so fermentation helps recycle a build up of NAD and FAD. Fermentation instead of putting NADH and FADH2 into the ETC puts it into another molecule and gives glycolysis the NAD+ and FAD it needs.

Glycolysis spam to make ATP. The molecule in fermentation is normally toxic

73
Q

What are facultative anaerobes

A

Molecules that can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation. Yeast and Bacteria can do this

74
Q

What are types of fermentation

A

Ethanol fermentation gives the electrons to ethanol (yeast and some bacteria), decarboxylates pyruvates first

Lactic acid fermentation gives the electrons to lactate (raw dogs it)

75
Q

Where do cellular respiration parts occur in?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, TCA occurs in the matrix, while oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the intermembrane

Biol 1020 (Improved) (4 decks)

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