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Psychology 1210 > Chapter 8,9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8,9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Role

A

A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour.

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2
Q

Culture

A

A program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of people in a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of that community.

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3
Q

Norms (social)

A

Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions.

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4
Q

What was the purpose of the obedience study?

A

Milgram wanted to know how many people would obey an authority figure when directly ordered to violate their ethical standards.

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5
Q

Entrapment

A

A gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.

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6
Q

Social cognition

A

An area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, and beliefs.

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7
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people’s behaviour by attributing causes of that behaviour to a situation or a disposition.

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8
Q

Situational Attribution

A

Identifying the cause of action as something in the situation or environment.
ex. Joe stole the money because his family is starving.

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9
Q

Dispositional Attribution

A

Identifying the cause of action as something in the person, such as a trait or a motive.
ex. Joe stole the money because he was born a thief.

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10
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency, in explaining other people’s behaviour, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation.

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11
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

The notion that the world is fair and that justice is served,, that bad people are punished and good people rewarded.

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12
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with their behaviour.

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13
Q

Familiarity Effect

A

The tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus the more familiar with it they are.

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14
Q

Validity Effect

A

The tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times.

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15
Q

Groupthink

A

The tendency for all members of a group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

A
  • an allusion of invulnerability
  • self-censorship
  • pressure on dissenters to conform
  • an illusion of unanimity
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17
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

In groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume others will.

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18
Q

Deindividuation

A

In groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one’s own individuality.

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19
Q

Social Identity

A

The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation.

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20
Q

Ethnic Identity

A

A person’s identification with a racial or ethnic group.

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21
Q

Acculturation

A

The process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture.

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22
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others.

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23
Q

Stereotype

A

A summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral).

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24
Q

Prejudice

A

A strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group, based on a negative stereotype.

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25
Q

What are four ways to measure implicit (unconscious) prejudice?

A
  1. Measures of social distance.
  2. Measures of what people do when they are stressed or angry.
  3. Measures of brain activity.
  4. Measures of implicit attitudes.
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26
Q

Concept

A

A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties.

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27
Q

Basic Concepts

A

Concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or may instances.

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28
Q

Prototype

A

An especially representative example of a concept.

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29
Q

Proposition

A

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea.

30
Q

Cognitive Schema

A

An integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

31
Q

Mental Image

A

A mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents; mental images occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities.

32
Q

Subconscious Processes

A

Mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary.

33
Q

Nonconscious Processes

A

Mental processes occurring outside of and not available to conscious awareness.
ex. not thinking of a comeback until you’ve left the situation/next day

34
Q

Implicit Learning

A

Learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned.

35
Q

Reasoning

A

The drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions.

36
Q

Algorithm

A

A problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works.

37
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

A form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

38
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

A form of reasoning in which the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusion to be false.

39
Q

Heuristic

A

A rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution.

40
Q

Dialectical Reasoning

A

A process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences.

41
Q

Reflective Judgement

A

People make different assumptions about how things are known and use different ways of justifying or defending their beliefs.

42
Q

Prereflective Stages

A

Assume that a correct answer always exists and that it can be obtained directly through the senses.
ex. I know what I’ve seen.

43
Q

The three Quasi-Reflective Stages

A

People recognize that some things cannot be known with absolute certainty, and they realize that judgements should be supported by reasons, yet they pay attention only to evidence that fits what they already believe.

44
Q

Affect Heuristic

A

The tendency to consult one’s emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.

45
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

The tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances.

46
Q

Framing Effect

A

The tendency for people’s choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed; for example, whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

47
Q

Fairness Bias

A

We will not likely accept anything that isn’t equal to someone else regardless of how much we would get otherwise.
ex. in industrial companies, offers of 50/50 are widely accepted, but offers of 70/30 are not.

48
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known.

49
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to look for or pay attention to only information that confirms one’s own belief.

50
Q

Mental Set

A

A tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems.

51
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

A state of tension that occurs when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his or her behaviour.

52
Q

Postdecision Dissonance

A

In the theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you have made a bad decision.

53
Q

Justification Effort

A

The tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; a common form of dissonance reduction.

54
Q

Intelligence

A

An inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from an experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.

55
Q

Psychometrics

A

The measurement of mental abilities, traits, and processes.

56
Q

Factor Analysis

A

A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait, ability, or aptitude (factor).

57
Q

G Factor

A

A general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents.

58
Q

What formula is used to determine IQ?

A

(Mental age / Actual age) X 100

59
Q

Mental Age

A

A measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age.

60
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

A measure of intelligence originally computed by dividing a person’s mental age by their chronological age and multiplying by 100; it is now derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests.

61
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

A burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group’s abilities.

62
Q

Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

A theory of intelligence that emphasizes information-processing strategies, the ability to creatively transfer skills to new situations, and the practical application of intelligence.

63
Q

Metacognition

A

The knowledge or awareness of one’s own cognitive processes, and the ability to monitor and control those processes.

64
Q

What are the three parts of the Triarchic Theory?

A
  1. Componential intelligence
  2. Experiential or creative intelligence
  3. Contextual or practical intelligence
65
Q

Componential intelligence

A

the information processing strategies you draw on when you are thinking intelligently about a problem.

66
Q

Experiential or creative intelligence

A

your creativity in transferring skills to new situations

67
Q

Tacit Knowledge

A

strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred.

68
Q

Contextual or practical intelligence

A

the practical application of intelligence, which requires you to take into account the different contexts in which you find yourself.

69
Q

Self-serving biases

A

Habits of thinking that make us feel good about ourselves, even (perhaps especially) when we shouldn’t.

  1. The bias to choose the most flattering and forgiving attributions of our own lapses.
  2. The bias to believe that the world is fair.
70
Q

Religiosity

A

A person’s depth of religious feeling and adherence to a religion’s rules.

71
Q

Brainwashing

A

Implies that a person has had a sudden change of mind without being aware of what is happening.
*coercive persuasion

72
Q

Key processes of coercive persuasion

A
  • The person is subjected to entrapment.
  • The person’s problems are explained by one simple attribution, which is repeatedly emphasized.
  • The person is offered a new identity and is promised salvation.
  • The person’s access to disconfirming (dissonant) information is severely controlled.

Psychology 1210 (4 decks)

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