Chapter 11, 12, 13 Flashcards
Emotion
A state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.
Primary Emotions
Emotions that are considered to be universal and biologically based.
Secondary Emotions
Emotions that are specific to certain cultures.
Facial Feedback
The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
Mirror Neurons
Brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action; they are involved in empathy, imitation, and reading emotions.
Mood Contagion
The spreading of an emotion from one person to another.
Which chemical messengers produce arousal and alertness?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
What is the Guilty Knowledge Test?
Uses a series of multiple-choice questions, each offering one relevant answer about the crime under investigation and several neutral answers, chosen so that an innocent suspect will not be able to discriminate the neutral choices from the relevant one. (lie detector tests)
Display Rules
Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or suppress) emotions.
Emotion Work
Expression of an emotion, often because of a role requirement, that a person does not really feel.
General Adaptation Syndrome
According to Hans Selye, a series of physiological reactions to stress occurring in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex) axis
A system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors. The hypothalamus sends chemical messengers to the pituitary, which in turn prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
The study of the relationships among psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system.
Locus of Control
A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus).
Primary Control
An effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events; a “fighting back” philosophy.
Secondary Control
An effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions; a “learn to live with it” philosophy.
Positive Psychology
Seeks to examine the ways in which positive emotions such as happiness and positive personality traits enhance well-being, health, and resilience.
Biological Drive
A deficiency or need that activates behaviour that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. (thirst, hunger, sex)
Biological Incentive
A motive to do something for a reward.
Motivation
An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.
Intrinsic Motivation
The pursuit of an activity for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation
The pursuit of an activity for external rewards, such as money or fame.
Set Point
The genetically influenced weight range for an individual; it is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.
What Makes You Hungry?
- ) Cannon & Washbourne 1906, Cannon made Washbourne swallow a balloon, filled it with air and didn’t feed him for three days. So, every time he has stomach pains his stomach contracted; therefore, they concluded that stomach pains cause hunger.
- ) Cytoanchitectonics- Hypothalamus (specifically the Ventral Medial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus). If you burn the VMNH, the test rat gets fat. They don’t stop eating. If you lesion the Lateral Hypothalamus, you get a thin rat.
- ) Hodology- pathways. if you cut the ascending nonadrenegenic bundle, which passes through the VMNH, you get a slightly fat rat.
- ) Hormones- insulin will increase hunger by decreasing blood sugar levels.
- ) Glucose sensitive cells are in the hypothalamus (eat less) and the liver (eat more).
- ) Leptin can reduce hunger and increase fat burning.
- ) Gut bacteria. If you implant gut bacteria of thin rats into fat rats, the fat rats get thinner when they both ate the same food.
- ) Glucose regulation and Lactose regulation.
- ) Learned cues- eating things like escargot because that’s what you grew up with.
- ) Food-related cues: Signs and smells.
- ) Time of day (external cues)
- ) Genetic Predisposition
- ) Basal Metabolic Rate
- ) Set point
- ) Stress.
Bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (bingeing) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives (purging).
Anorexia
An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.
Endorphins
Chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates; they are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory and are known technically as endogenous opioid peptides.
Proximity Effect
The people who are nearest to you geographically are most likely to be dearest to you, too.
Similarity Effect
Similarity-in looks, attitudes, beliefs, values, personality, and interests- is attractive to human beings; we tend to choose friends and loved ones who are most like us.
Attachment theory of love
People’s attachment styles as adults derive in large part from how their parents cared for them.
Sexual Script
set of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group.
Thematic Apperception Test
A projective test that asks respondents to interpret a series of drawings showing scenes of people; usually scored for unconscious motives, such as the need for achievement, power, or affiliation.
Approach Goals
Goals framed in terms of desired outcomes or experiences, such as learning to scuba dive.
Avoidance Goals
Goals framed in terms of avoiding unpleasant experiences, such as trying not to look foolish in public.
Socialization
The process by which children learn the behaviours, attitudes, and expectations required of them by their society or culture.
Contact Comfort
In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant’s first attachment.
Separation Anxiety
The distress that most children develop, at about six to eight months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers.
Parentese
Adult use of baby-talk.
Telegraphic Speech
A child’s first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words.
Object permanence
The understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it.
Conservation
The understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.
Egocentric
Seeing the world only from their own frame of reference and cannot imagine that others see things differently.
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to age 2.
Infant learns through concrete actions: looking, touching, putting thins in the mouth, sucking, grasping.
Object permanence happens at about 6 months of age.
Mental Operations
A train of thought that can run backward or forward.
Concrete Operations Stage
7-12 years of age.
When children become increasingly able to take other people’s perspectives and make fewer logical errors.
They learn mental operations, able to categorize things, order things serially.
Formal Operations Stage
Age 12-13.
Only 50% of people make it to abstract thought.
Can think about future possibilities, draw logical conclusions from their culture and experience.
Preoperational Stage
Age 2-7.
Use of symbols and languages accelerates.
Lack the cognitive abilities necessary for understanding abstract principals and mental operations.
Theory of Mind
A system of beliefs about the way one’s own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.
Power Assertion
A method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child’s misbehaviour
Induction
A method or child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child’s own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child’s misbehaviour.
