Chapter 11, 12, 13

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

A state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.

Question 2

Primary Emotions

Answer 2

Emotions that are considered to be universal and biologically based.

Question 3

Secondary Emotions

Answer 3

Emotions that are specific to certain cultures.

Question 4

Facial Feedback

Answer 4

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.

Question 5

Mirror Neurons

Answer 5

Brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action; they are involved in empathy, imitation, and reading emotions.

Question 6

Mood Contagion

Answer 6

The spreading of an emotion from one person to another.

Question 7

Which chemical messengers produce arousal and alertness?

Answer 7

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 8

What is the Guilty Knowledge Test?

Answer 8

Uses a series of multiple-choice questions, each offering one relevant answer about the crime under investigation and several neutral answers, chosen so that an innocent suspect will not be able to discriminate the neutral choices from the relevant one. (lie detector tests)

Question 9

Display Rules

Answer 9

Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or suppress) emotions.

Question 10

Emotion Work

Answer 10

Expression of an emotion, often because of a role requirement, that a person does not really feel.

Question 11

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 11

According to Hans Selye, a series of physiological reactions to stress occurring in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Question 12

HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex) axis

Answer 12

A system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors. The hypothalamus sends chemical messengers to the pituitary, which in turn prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones.

Question 13

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 13

The study of the relationships among psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system.

Question 14

Locus of Control

Answer 14

A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus).

Question 15

Primary Control

Answer 15

An effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events; a “fighting back” philosophy.

Question 16

Secondary Control

Answer 16

An effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions; a “learn to live with it” philosophy.

Question 17

Positive Psychology

Answer 17

Seeks to examine the ways in which positive emotions such as happiness and positive personality traits enhance well-being, health, and resilience.

Question 18

Biological Drive

Answer 18

A deficiency or need that activates behaviour that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. (thirst, hunger, sex)

Question 19

Biological Incentive

Answer 19

A motive to do something for a reward.

Question 20

Motivation

Answer 20

An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

Question 21

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 21

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake.

Question 22

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 22

The pursuit of an activity for external rewards, such as money or fame.

Question 23

Set Point

Answer 23

The genetically influenced weight range for an individual; it is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

Question 24

What Makes You Hungry?

Answer 24

1. ) Cannon & Washbourne 1906, Cannon made Washbourne swallow a balloon, filled it with air and didn’t feed him for three days. So, every time he has stomach pains his stomach contracted; therefore, they concluded that stomach pains cause hunger.
2. ) Cytoanchitectonics- Hypothalamus (specifically the Ventral Medial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus). If you burn the VMNH, the test rat gets fat. They don’t stop eating. If you lesion the Lateral Hypothalamus, you get a thin rat.
3. ) Hodology- pathways. if you cut the ascending nonadrenegenic bundle, which passes through the VMNH, you get a slightly fat rat.
4. ) Hormones- insulin will increase hunger by decreasing blood sugar levels.
5. ) Glucose sensitive cells are in the hypothalamus (eat less) and the liver (eat more).
6. ) Leptin can reduce hunger and increase fat burning.
7. ) Gut bacteria. If you implant gut bacteria of thin rats into fat rats, the fat rats get thinner when they both ate the same food.
8. ) Glucose regulation and Lactose regulation.
9. ) Learned cues- eating things like escargot because that’s what you grew up with.
10. ) Food-related cues: Signs and smells.
11. ) Time of day (external cues)
12. ) Genetic Predisposition
13. ) Basal Metabolic Rate
14. ) Set point
15. ) Stress.

Question 25

Bulimia

Answer 25

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (bingeing) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives (purging).

Question 26

Anorexia

Answer 26

An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.

Question 27

Endorphins

Answer 27

Chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates; they are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory and are known technically as endogenous opioid peptides.

Question 28

Proximity Effect

Answer 28

The people who are nearest to you geographically are most likely to be dearest to you, too.

Question 29

Similarity Effect

Answer 29

Similarity-in looks, attitudes, beliefs, values, personality, and interests- is attractive to human beings; we tend to choose friends and loved ones who are most like us.

Question 30

Attachment theory of love

Answer 30

People’s attachment styles as adults derive in large part from how their parents cared for them.

Question 31

Sexual Script

Answer 31

set of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group.

Question 32

Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 32

A projective test that asks respondents to interpret a series of drawings showing scenes of people; usually scored for unconscious motives, such as the need for achievement, power, or affiliation.

Question 33

Approach Goals

Answer 33

Goals framed in terms of desired outcomes or experiences, such as learning to scuba dive.

Question 34

Avoidance Goals

Answer 34

Goals framed in terms of avoiding unpleasant experiences, such as trying not to look foolish in public.

Question 35

Socialization

Answer 35

The process by which children learn the behaviours, attitudes, and expectations required of them by their society or culture.

Question 36

Contact Comfort

Answer 36

In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant’s first attachment.

Question 37

Separation Anxiety

Answer 37

The distress that most children develop, at about six to eight months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers.

Question 38

Parentese

Answer 38

Adult use of baby-talk.

Question 39

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 39

A child’s first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words.

Question 40

Object permanence

Answer 40

The understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it.

Question 41

Conservation

Answer 41

The understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.

Question 42

Egocentric

Answer 42

Seeing the world only from their own frame of reference and cannot imagine that others see things differently.

Question 43

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 43

Birth to age 2.
Infant learns through concrete actions: looking, touching, putting thins in the mouth, sucking, grasping.
Object permanence happens at about 6 months of age.

Question 44

Mental Operations

Answer 44

A train of thought that can run backward or forward.

Question 45

Concrete Operations Stage

Answer 45

7-12 years of age.
When children become increasingly able to take other people’s perspectives and make fewer logical errors.
They learn mental operations, able to categorize things, order things serially.

Question 46

Formal Operations Stage

Answer 46

Age 12-13.
Only 50% of people make it to abstract thought.
Can think about future possibilities, draw logical conclusions from their culture and experience.

Question 47

Preoperational Stage

Answer 47

Age 2-7.
Use of symbols and languages accelerates.
Lack the cognitive abilities necessary for understanding abstract principals and mental operations.

Question 48

Theory of Mind

Answer 48

A system of beliefs about the way one’s own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.

Question 49

Power Assertion

Answer 49

A method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child’s misbehaviour

Question 50

Induction

Answer 50

A method or child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child’s own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child’s misbehaviour.