Chapter 8

Question 1

Discuss, compare, and contrast the four different parenting styles.

Answer 1

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles:
o Authoritarian: parents demand obedience and respect.
o Authoritative: encourages children to be independent while placing limits and controls on action.
o Neglectful: parent is very uninvolved in child’s life.
o Indulgent: parent highly involved but place few demands or controls on the child.

Question 2

Define punishment, and discuss alternatives.

Answer 2

Punishment: any change in a human’s surroundings that occurs after a given behavior or response which reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.
Alternatives include reasoning with the child and the use of time-outs.

Question 3

Define child abuse, compare and contrast child abuse and child maltreatment.

Answer 3

Whereas the public and many professionals use the term child abuse and neglect, developmentalists increasingly use the term child maltreatment to acknowledge that maltreatment includes diverse conditions.
Types of child maltreatment:o
Physical abuse
Child neglect (whether physical, educational, or emotional) Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse

Question 4

Discuss sibling relationships and birth order

Answer 4

Siblings have frequent conflicts. Parent intervention is beneficial.
Three important characteristics of sibling’s relationships:
o Emotional quality
Familiarity and intimacy
Variation
Birth order: linked with certain personality characteristics. Only child can be positive.

Question 5

Discuss the impact of divorce on children

Answer 5

Children in divorced families generally show poorer adjustment than children from intact families.
Divorce can be advantageous if martial problems are affecting the well-being of children. Conflict in non-divorced families is associated with emotional or problems at home.

Question 6

Define peers and discuss the role they play in development

Answer 6

Peers: children of about the same age or maturity level.
Peer group function: provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family. Necessary for socioemotional development.

Question 7

Discuss the impact of television on development.

Answer 7

Television is the most influential medium that affects children’s behavior.
Children watch an average of 2-4 hours of T.V. each day.