CHAPTER 8

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Process of selecting cues quickly from environment, organizing into a pattern, labeling pattern, and interpreting according to expectation

1. Selective attention
2. Selective organization
3. Selective interpretation

Question 2

Selective Attention Process

Answer 2

Pick out cues quickly from our cultural landscape

Question 3

Selective Organization/Labeling Process

Answer 3

Organize our perceptions by grouping similar objects/people/things and labeling them

Question 4

Selective Interpretation

Answer 4

Attach meanings to the data we receive; often reflects our expectations and biases

Question 5

Ethnocentrism

Answer 5

Considering the views and standards or your own ingroup as more important than those of any outgroup

Question 6

Communication Degrees of Ethnocentrism

Answer 6

DISTANCE OF INDIFFERENCE: low ethnocentrism; lack of sensitivity
DISTANCE OF AVOIDANCE: moderate ethnocentrism; attempted linguistic switching and displayed NV inattention in presence of outgroup
DISTANCE OF DISPARAGEMENT: high ethnocentrism; use of racist jokes or hate speech to downgrade outgroup

Question 7

DMIS

Answer 7

Development Model of IC Sensitivity

As a person experiences cultural difference in a more nuanced way, competence increases

Question 8

DMIS States of Ethnocentrism

Answer 8

DENIAL: own culture is only real one
DEFENSE: own (or adopted) culture is only good one
MINIMIZATION: elements of own culture viewed as universals

Question 9

DMIS States of Ethnorelativism

Answer 9

ACCEPTANCE: own culture is one of many possible diverse cultural experiences
ADAPTATION: experience of another culture yields perceptual shifting and behavioral adaptation
INTEGRATION: intentionally incorporates diverse cultural worldviews

Question 10

Stereotypes

Answer 10

Exaggerated pictures created about a group of ppl based on inflexible beliefs about characteristics/behaviors of group

Question 11

SCM

Answer 11

Stereotype Content Model
Form stereotypes along 2 dimensions:
- Low-High Warmth
- Low-High Competence

Question 12

Inflexible Stereotyping

Answer 12

Holding on to preconceived/negative stereotypes by operating on autopilot

Question 13

Flexible Stereotyping

Answer 13

Treating stereotypic images as “1st best guesses” and being aware it’s a stereotype

Question 14

Ingroup Favoritism Principle

Answer 14

These is a positive attachment to and predisposition for norms of your ingroup

Question 15

Attributions

Answer 15

Explanations ascribed to why ppl behave the way they do or why certain events happen

Question 16

3 Intergroup Biases

Answer 16

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR: overestimating negative traits in explaining a stranger’s undesirable behavior and underestimating situational factors
PRINCIPLE OF NEGATIVITY: tend to place more emphasis on negative info concerning outgroups
FAVORABLE SELF-BIAS & OTHER-DEROGATION: tendency to favor ourselves/ingroup in explaining our successes and to create derogatory explanations for others’/outgroup successes

Question 17

Self-Effacement Bias

Answer 17

Use of self-humbling/modesty interpretations to explain failed events

Question 18

Prejudice

Answer 18

Feelings/predispositions towards outgroup members in a negative direction with little evidence to support overgeneralization

Question 19

4 Explanations of Prejudice

Answer 19

EXPLOITATION THEORY: views power as scarce resource
SCAPEGOATING THEORY: prejudiced ppl believe they are victims of society
AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY APPROACH: rigid observance of norms, complete acceptance of authority, high concern for those in power
STRUCTURAL APPROACH: stresses climate in society whereby institutions promote a pecking order

Question 20

Discrimination

Answer 20

V and NV actions that carry out prejudiced attitudes

Question 21

4 Discriminatory Practices

Answer 21

ISOLATE DISCRIMINATION: harmful V and NV action targeted toward outgroup member by an individual
SMALL-GROUP DISCRIMINATION: band of individuals from ingroup engage in hostile actions against outgroup
DIRECT INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION: community-prescribed endorsement of discrimination
INDIRECT INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION: broad practice that indirectly affects group members without intending to

Question 22

Racism

Answer 22

Personal/institutional belief in the cultural superiority of one race and perceived inferiority of others

Question 23

Racial Profiling

Answer 23

Singling out of one particular ethnic group in a police investigation

Question 24

Hate Crime

Answer 24

Typically motivated by hostility to the victim as a member of a group

Question 25

DUB

Answer 25

Describe
Understand
Bridge