Chapter 8 Flashcards
error
the amount by which an observation differs from its expected value
inferential statistics
the branch of statistics dealing with conclusions, generalizations, predictions, and estimations based on data from samples
law of large numbers
the mean of the results of an experiment repeated a large number of times will be close to the mean of the population
central limit theorem
a series of statements that explain how any empirical sample mean is related to the theoretical population it came from
sampling distribution of the means
a distribution of the means of all possible samples of a given size, selected at random from a given population
sampling
the procedure of selecting samples from the population
standard error
the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means
random sampling
a procedure for generating a sample in which each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected
hypothesis testing
the procedures used to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected or accepted in favour of the alternative hypothesis
hypothesis
a theoretical explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further research
null hypothesis
the hypothesis of no effect, which claims that the independent variable has no effect on the population; H(small 0)
alternative hypothesis
the hypothesis that makes the claim that the independent variable does have an effect on the population; H(small 1)
directional hypothesis
a form of the alternative hypothesis claiming that the effect of the independent variable will be to change the value of mu in a specific direction, either upward or downward, relative to the mean of the null population
nondirectional hypothesis
a form of the alternative hypothesis claiming that the effect of the independent variable will be to change the value of mu without specifying whether the value is expected to increase of decrease
