chapter 8

Question 1

shows the particular orbitals that electrons occupy for the atom

Answer 1

electron configuration

Question 2

represent the lowest energy state for electrons

Answer 2

ground state electron configurations

Question 3

no two electrons in an atom may have the same self four quantum numbers.
this means no orbital can hold more than two electrons

Answer 3

pauli exclusion principle

Question 4

when two electrons occupy the same orbital, they are

Answer 4

spin paired

Question 5

like charges repel and opposite charges attract

Answer 5

coulomb’s law

Question 6

the masking of nuclear charge by other electrons

Answer 6

shielding

Question 7

the charge felt by electrons in comparison to the actual nuclear charge

Answer 7

effective nuclear charge

Question 8

when an electron penetrates the electron cloud and moves closer to the nucleus, it experiences

Answer 8

the full positive charge of the nucleus

Question 9

orbitals should be filled starting with the lowest energy orbitals and proceeding to higher energy orbitals

Answer 9

auf bau principle

Question 10

each degenerate orbital will have one electron in it before any electrons are paried

Answer 10

hund’s rule

Question 11

the spins in singly occupied orbitals remain parallel until the second electron enters the orbital

Answer 11

hund’s rule

Question 12

the inner electrons which lie closer to the nuclues

Answer 12

core electrons

Question 13

outer electrons

Answer 13

valence electrons

Question 14

periodic trends are based largelyy on

Answer 14

effective nuclear charge

Question 15

all atoms lose their ________ first to form cations

Answer 15

highest energy electrons

Question 16

for ns electrons, the ns electrons are lose _______ the (n-1)d electrons

Answer 16

before

Question 17

cations cause the electron radius to go

Answer 17

smaller

Question 18

anions cause the electron radius to

Answer 18

increase

Question 19

electrons are held more tightly from ______ to _____ across a period

Answer 19

left to right

Question 20

the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom in the gas phase

Answer 20

first ionization energy

Question 21

first ionization energy increases how, periodic trend?

Answer 21

up a group and from left to right across a period

Question 22

is associated with removing a second electron this Time from a 1+ ion

Answer 22

second ionization energy

Question 23

the energy released when an electron Is added to a gas-phase atom

Answer 23

electron affinity

Question 24

general trend shows that oxygen should have a higher first ionization energy than ____ but it does not

Answer 24

nitrogen

Question 25

what is special about the electron configuration of nitrogen

Answer 25

it has one unpaired electron in each of the three 2p orbitals

Question 26

all group 5A elements invert first ionization energy order with the group ____ element in their row

Answer 26

6A

Question 27

all group 5A elements invert electron affinity order with the group ____ element in their row

Answer 27

4A