Chapter 8 Flashcards
Acidification
The increased acidic content of waters, notably the world’s oceans, so that the concentration of available carbonate ions will be too low for marine calcifers, such as coral reefs, moluscs, crustaceans, and some algae, to build their shells and skeletons
Aquaculture
Seafood farming, the fastest-growing food production sector in the world
Bottom trawling
One of the most destructive means of fishing in which heavy nets are dragged along the sea floor scooping up everything in their path
Bycatch
Non-target organisms caught or captured in the course of catching a target species, as in the fisheries, where estimates suggest that 25 percent of the world’s catch is dumped because it is not the right species or size
Carbon balance
A balance between the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and bicarbonate in the water
Coral bleaching
Death of corals caused by water temperatures becoming too warm, leading coral polyps to expel their zooxanthellae symbionts
Coral polyps
Individual biotic members of a coral reef
Ecotourism
Visits to view natural areas or species that contribute to conservation of the environment and involve an explicit educational component
Edocrine disruption
The interference of normal bodily processes such as sex, metabolism, and growth by chemicals in such products as soaps and detergents that are released into an ecosystem, as happens among aquatic species, often causing feminization
Exclusive economic zones
Areas off the coast of a nation that are claimed by that nation for its sole responsibility and exploitation, as permitted by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
Fishing down the food chain
Harvesting at progressively lower trophic levels as higher trophic levels become depleted
Hypoxic
Oxygen-deficient
Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fisheries
Fisheries that are not included in most statistics
Incentive-based
Generation of inducements encouraging compliance with desired management actions
Longline
Type of commercial fishing using lines with many baited hooks
Lophelia pertusa
A cold-water coral species common to reefs off Cape Breton and Newfoundland that grows slowly and is therefore susceptible to ocean acidification
Marine protected areas (MPAs)
Underwater reserves set aside and protected from normal human exploitation because of the fragility, rarity, or valued biodiversity of their ecosystems
Prey switching
A familiar foraging behavior whereby a predator shifts from its target species after it is depleted or not available in an area to the next most preferred or profitable species until that, too, is depleted and then continuing to move down the food chain, as wolves do in moving from caribou to arctic hare to small rodents, or as humans have done in fishing down the food chain in commercial fisheries
Serial depletion
When one stock after another becomes progressively depleted as a result of prey switching, even if the total catch remains the same
Shifting baseline
When scientists have no other option than to the the current or recent degraded state as the baseline for stock biomass rather than the historical ecological abundance
Thermocline
Sharp transition in temperature between the warmer surface waters of the ocean and the cooler waters underneath, generally occurring at a depth of 120 to 240 metres
Thermolhaline circulation
The movement of carbon-saturated water around the globe, mainly as a result of different water densities
Total allowable catch
The amount, in tonnage, of a particular aquatic species that the federal department of Fisheries and Oceans, for example, determines can be landed within a particular fishery in a given year
Zooxanthellae
Unicellular algae that live inside coral polyps in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. They provide carbohydrates to their host, but can be expelled if water temperatures get too warm, leading to coral bleaching
________ is the most commercially valuable fish species in the world
Atlantic bluefin tuna
In the ocean, most productivity is ________.
on the continental shelves
around hydrothermal vents
The leatherback turtle is an example of ________.
a critically endangered species
bycatch
Sponge reefs off the coast of British Columbia _______
are over 9,000 years old
________ is closest to the percentage of people living in coastal communities
50 percent
The Arctic Seal Hunt in Canada in 2006 ________.
was worth over $33 million
Killer whales carry ________ the contaminants of their prey, harbour seals
10 times
The freshwater fishery accounts for about ________ of the total value of commercial fishing in
Canada
3 percent
An anadromous fish spends its life ________.
partly in freshwater and partly in saltwater
The Census Marine Life completed in 2010 described ________ new species and there were still
________ remaining to be described.
250,000/750,000
The global ocean conveyor is another name for _______
thermohaline circulation
The deepest part of the ocean is ________.
9,000 metres
In the 1970s, scientists discovered rich biological communities in the ocean depths centred
around ________.
hydrothermal vents
Of the following, ________ is NOT a characteristic of oceanic biomass pyramids.
Low biomass at lower trophic levels and large biomass at the top
Low biomass at lower trophic levels and large biomass at the top
expulsion of zooxanthellae by temperature-stress coral polyps
Under ________ of Earth’s coral reefs have been protected.
2%
The groundfish collapse of the 1990s in Canada was due to ________.
seals hunting cod
poor fisheries policies and political practices
The Marshall decision was ________.
a decision to extend, but still limit, Aboriginal fishing rights
Examples of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) include ________.
polychlorinated biphenyls and DDE
. Farmed fish and seafood production in Canada comprised ________ of all Canadian fisheries
and aquaculture in 2009.
34 per cent
True or False Nutrients are the most common limiting factor for life in both marine and terrestrial systems.
F
True or False Over one billion people rely on fish as their primary source of protein.
T
True or False More than 60 per cent of current global oil production comes from sedimentary basins beneath
the ocean
T
True or False Canada has the longest coastline and the second largest continental shelf in the world.
T
True or False The TAC (total allowable catch) is the amount, in tonnage, of a particular aquatic species that
the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans determines can be landed within a particular
fishery in a given year.
T
True or False Killers whales in Georgia Strait in BC are among the most contaminated mammals on the planet.
T
True or False Bowhead whale populations in Canada’s Arctic are known to be recovered and increasing, due
to local Aboriginal knowledge.
T
True or False Salmon farming poses great risks for wild salmon populations
T
True or False International fisheries policies have been highly successful in ensuring that global fish stocks are
conserved.
F
True or False. Canada is a world leader in establishing marine protected areas.
F
