Chapter 8

Question 1

Salt/marine life zones

Answer 1

oceans and their bays, estuaries, coastal

wetlands, shorelines, coral reefs, and mangrove forests)

Question 2

Freshwater life zones

Answer 2

lakes, rivers, streams, and inland wetlands).

Question 3

Plankton

Answer 3

lakes, rivers, streams, and inland wetlands).

Question 4

Nekton

Answer 4

strongly swimming consumers such as fish, turtles (see photo on title page), and whales

Question 5

Benthos

Answer 5

Consists of bottom dwellers such as oysters and sea stars

Question 6

Turbidity

Answer 6

The depth of the euphotic zone in oceans and deep lakes is reduced when the water is clouded by excessive algal growths
(or algal blooms resulting from nutrient overloads). This cloudiness, called

Question 7

Coastal zone

Answer 7

is the warm, nutrient-rich, shallow water that extends from the high-tide mark on land to the gently sloping, shallow edge of the continental
shelf (the submerged part of the continents). It makes up less than 10% of the world’s ocean area, but it contains 90% of all marine species and is the site of most large commercial marine fisheries.

Question 8

Estuaries

Answer 8

are where rivers meet the sea
(Figure 8-7). They are partially enclosed
bodies of water where seawater mixes
with freshwater as well as nutrients and
pollutants from streams, rivers, and runoff from the land.

Question 9

Coastal wetlands

Answer 9

coastal land areas covered with water all or part of the year—include river mouths, inlets, bays, sounds, coastal marshes (called salt marshes in temperate zones, Figure 8-8), and mangrove forests.

Question 10

Intertidal zones

Answer 10

The area of shoreline between low and high

tides is called the

Question 11

Open sea

Answer 11

The sharp increase in water depth at the edge of the continental shelf separates the coastal zone from the vast volume of the ocean called the

Question 12

Oligotrophic lakes

Answer 12

Lakes that have a small supply of plant nutrients are called

Question 13

Eutrophic lake

Answer 13

A lake with a large supply of nutrients needed by producers is called a

Question 14

Cultural eutrophication

Answer 14

Human inputs of nutrients from the atmosphere and from nearby urban and agricultural areas can accelerate the eutrophication of lakes, a process called

Question 15

Watershed/ drainage basin

Answer 15

is the land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream.

Question 16

Aquatic life zones

Answer 16

The aquatic equivalents of biomes are called aquatic life zones—saltwater and freshwater portions of the biosphere that can support life.