Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Predation

A

occurs when a member of one species

the predator) feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species (the prey

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2
Q

Parasitism

A

occurs when one organism (the para-
site) feeds on another organism (the host), usually by
living on or in the host.

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

is an interaction that benefits both spe-
cies by providing each with food, shelter, or some
other resource.

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

is an interaction that benefits one

species but has little or no effect on the other.

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5
Q

Resource partitioning

A

occurs when species
competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized
traits that allow them to share resources by using parts
of them, using them at different times, or using them in
different ways.

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6
Q

Coevolution

A

When populations of two different species interact in such a way over a long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene
pool of the other. Such changes can help both sides to become more competitive or to avoid or reduce competition.

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7
Q

Population

A

is a group of interbreeding individuals

of the same species

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8
Q

Age structure

A

its distribution of individuals among various age groups—can have a strong effect on how rapidly it increases or decreases in size.

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9
Q

Range of tolerance

A

Every species has a range of tolerance to different changes in its ecosystem before dying

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10
Q

Limiting factors

A

A number of physical or chemical factors can help to determine the number of organisms in a population. Sometimes one or more factors, known as

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11
Q

Limiting factor principle

A

Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance.

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12
Q

Environmental resistance

A

the combination of all factors that act to limit the growth of a population.

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13
Q

Population crash

A

When a species shoots over an environment’s carrying capacity and can no longer sustain itself

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14
Q

Population density

A

is the number of individuals in a

population found in a particular area or volume.

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15
Q

Ecological succession

A

The normally gradual change in species

composition in a given area is called

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16
Q

Interspecifc competition

A

occurs when members
of two or more species interact to gain access to the
same limited resources such as food, water, light,
and space.

17
Q

Primary ecological succession

A

involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem. Examples include bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier (Figure 5-19), newly cooled lava, an abandoned highway or parking lot, and a newly created
shallow pond or reservoir. Primary succession usually takes hundreds to thousands of years because of the need to build up fertile soil or aquatic sediments to provide the nutrients needed to establish a plant community.

18
Q

Secondary ecological succession

A

in which a series of communities or ecosystems with different species develop in places containing soil or bottom sediment. This type of succession begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or
destroyed, but some soil or bottom sediment remains.

19
Q

Inertia or persistence

A

the ability of a living system such as a grassland or a forest to survive moderate disturbances

20
Q

Resilience

A

the ability of a living system to be

restored through secondary succession after a more severe disturbance.