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APES > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

acid precipitation

A

acid rain, acid hail, acid snow; all of which occur as a result of pollution in the atmosphere. Occurs from sulfur and nitrogen pollutants. PH of acid rain is usually 2.3 compared to the normal ph of rain which is 5.6. Acid rain causes leaching of some minerals from soil, buildup of sulfur and nitrogen in soil, increasing aluminium concentration in soil (harmful to plants), increasing aluminium concentration in bodies of water (harmful to fish), leaching calcium from conifers, lowering ph of bodies of water, causing human respitory issues.

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2
Q

acute effect

A

effect caused by a short exposure to a high level of toxin. e.g. snake bite

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3
Q

catalytic converter

A

a platinum-coated device that oxidizes most of the VOCs and some of the CO that would otherwise be emitted in exhaust, converting them to CO2.

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4
Q

closed-loop recyling

A

when materials, such as plastic or aluminum, are used to rebuild the same product. An example of this is the use of the aluminum from aluminum cans to produce more aluminum cans

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5
Q

composting

A

a process that allows the organic matter in sold waste to be decomposed and reintroduced into the soil, often as fertilizer.

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6
Q

building-related illness

A

when the signs and symptoms of an illness can be attributed to a specific infectious organism that resides in the building.

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7
Q

chronic effect

A

an effect that results from the long-term exposure to low levels of toxin. e.g. lead based paint

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8
Q

deep well injection

A

drilling a hole in the ground that’s below the water table to hold waste.

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9
Q

disease

A

occurs when infection causes a change in the state of health.

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10
Q

dose-response analysis

A

a process in which an organism is exposed to a toxin at different concentrations, and the dosage that causes the death of the organism is recorded.

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11
Q

dose-response curve

A

the result of graphing a does-response analysis.

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12
Q

ED 50

A

the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms show a negative effect from a toxin.

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13
Q

global warming

A

an intensification of the Greenhouse Effect due to the increased presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere

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14
Q

Industrial Smog (gray smog)

A

smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal.

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15
Q

hazardous waste

A

any waste that poses a danger to human health; it must be dealt with in a different way from other types of waste.

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16
Q

heat islands

A

urban areas that heat up more quickly and retain heat better than non-urban areas. Result in more smog

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17
Q

high-level radioactive waste

A

radioactive wastes that produce high levels of ionizing radiation.

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18
Q

infection

A

the result of a pathogen invading a body.

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19
Q

LD 50

A

the point at which 50 percent of the test organisms die from a toxin.

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20
Q

leachate

A

the liquid that percolates to the bottom of a landfill.

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21
Q

low-level radioactive waste

A

radioactive wastes that produce low levels of ionizing radiation

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22
Q

noise pollution

A

any noise that causes stress or has the potential to damage human health.

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23
Q

non-point source pollution

A

pollution that does not have a specific point of release. Such as cows releasing methane gas throughout several miles

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24
Q

open-loop recyling

A

when materials are reused to form new products.

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25
Q

ozone holes

A

the thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica (and to some extent, over the Arctic)

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26
Q

pathogens

A

Virus, Fungi, Protozoa, Bacteria, Parasitic worms

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27
Q

photochemical smog

A

when photochemical smog, NOx compounds, VOCs, and ozone combine to form smog with a brownish hue. Form in sunny urban areas

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28
Q

point source pollution

A

a specific location from which pollution is released’ an example of a point source location is a factory where wood is being burned.

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29
Q

poison

A

any substance that has an LD50 of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight.

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30
Q

physical treatment

A

in a sewage treatment plant, the initial filtration that is done to remove debris such as stones, sticks, rags, toys, and other objects that were flushed down the toilet.

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31
Q

risk assessment

A

calculating risk, or the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen.

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32
Q

risk management

A

using strategies to reduce the amount of risk (the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen)

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33
Q

secondary pollutants

A

pollutants that are formed by the combination of primary pollutants in the atmosphere. Sulfur and water vapor cause acid rain

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34
Q

secondary treatment

A

the biological treatment of wastewater in order to continue to remove biodegradable waste.

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35
Q

sick building syndrome

A

a condition in which the majority of a building’s occupants experience certain symptoms that vary with the amount of time spent in a building, without being able to identify a specified cause or illness.

36
Q

sludge

A

the solids that remain after the secondary treatment of sewage.

37
Q

sludge processor

A

a tank filled with aerobic bacteria that’s used to treat sewage.

38
Q

solid waste

A

can consist of hazardous waste, industrial solid waste, or municipal waste. Many types of solid waste provide a threat to human health and the environment.

39
Q

stationary sources

A

non-moving sources of pollution, such as factories.

40
Q

Superfund Program

A

a program funded by the federal government and a trust that’s funded by taxes on chemicals; identifies pollutants and cleans up hazardous waste sites.

41
Q

threshold does

A

the dosage level of a toxin at which a negative effect occurs.

42
Q

toxicity

A

the degree to which a substance is biologically harmful.

43
Q

toxin

A

any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed at dosages sufficient to damage a living organism.

44
Q

tropospheric ozone

A

ozone that exist in the trophosphere. This trophic ozone is the ozone that is bad for us, not the ozone in the stratosphere which shields us from UV radiation. The tropopsphere ozone is a secondary polutant that forms from nitrogen oxides, heat, sunlight, and voltatile organic compounds (VOCs). Major contributor to smog

45
Q

U.S. Noise Control Act

A

gave the EPA power to set emission standards for major sources of noise, including transportation, machinery, and construction.

46
Q

vector

A

the carrier organism that contains the pathogen, such as a tick.

47
Q

wastewater

A

any water that has been used by humans. This includes human sewage, water drained from showers, tubs, sinks, dishwashers, washing machines, water from industrial processes, and storm water runoff.

48
Q

Waste-to-Energy (WTE) program

A

when the energy released from waste incineration is used to generate electricity.

49
Q

Examples of air polution by environment

A

Volcanos, pollen, mold spores, forest fires, dinoflagellates

50
Q

Criteria Pollutants

A

The EPA determined that these chemicals do the most harm to humans carbond monoxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate

51
Q

ppm

A

Parts per million. If CO has a ppm of 10, then there are 10 particles per million of molecules of air

52
Q

ppb

A

parts per billion

53
Q

Carbond monoxide

A

Primarily released from incomplete combustion, main source is from vehicles. Binds to hemoglobin. Colorless and odorless

54
Q

Lead

A

Released as particulate (small solid particles that suspend in the air) the particulate eventually settles into water or land and is then incorporatd into the food chain. Causes issues with the nervous system such as mental retardation. Main source is industrial lead

55
Q

Nitrogen oxide

A

Secondary pollutant. Primarily formed in combustion engines. Component of smog and acid rain

56
Q

Sulfur dioxide

A

colorless gas and suffocating odor. Formed by the pulping of paper, burning of coal, burning of fossil fuels. Also factor in indoor pollutants such as gas heaters, improperly vented gas ranges

57
Q

VOCs

A

voltatile organic compounds are the result the use of propane, dry cleaning, industrial solvents, can react to O3 and is a major contributor to smog. One of the biggest indoor pollutants found in carpet, furniture, plastics, oil

58
Q

Smog

A

typically associated with the the burning of oil to release cO and co2. Smog production can be aided by air inversions (trap pollutants) or fog

59
Q

Stratosphere ozone

A

Blocks 95% of UV radiation produced by O2 + UV (sunlight) = O + O, O + O2 = O3

60
Q

chlorofluorocarbons

A

Major source of the thinning of ozone in stratosphere. Chlorofluorocarbons were used in propellants, fire egstinguishers, and cans of hairspray. CFC’s travel through the atmosphere through atmospheric mixing (CFC’s are very stable which allows them to survive the rise). UV radiation breaks CFC’s into chlorine monoxide. Cl + O3 = ClO + O2. During winter months the chlorine monoxide is concentrated in ice crystals that form in and around the anartic. In the spring the chlorine is freeded from the chlorine monxide, ClO + O = Cl + O2. Ozone loss is greatest in spring. Chlorine acts as a catalyst and is therefore not changed.

61
Q

Anartic continent

A

Exposed to the greatest amount of UV radiation. Winds can spread ozone-depleted air into south america, autstrailia, and Southern Africa.

62
Q

Consequences of increased UV explosure

A

UV radiation can kill primary produces like phytoplankton, which results in less fish. Humans can contract skin cancer, eye cataracts, and a weakened immune system

63
Q

Montreal Protocol

A

146 countries called for the end of the production of CFC’s.

64
Q

dry acid particle deposition

A

occurs two or three days after emission into atmosphere

65
Q

wet deposition

A

acid rain is delayed 4 to 14 days after emission

66
Q

areas particularly vulnerable to acid rain

A

Soil that has a low ph and soil that has been leached of its calcium

67
Q

Clean Air Act

A

lead to the reduction of So2 and Nox released by industrial plants, ammendment to the clean air act caused new cars to produce 75% less pollutants also (not part of the clean air act) natural ambient air quality standards have been puti n place

68
Q

Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975

A

The department of transportation earned the authority to set corporate average fuel economy for motor vehicles. Requirs vehicles to meet set fuel efficinetcy.

69
Q

Government’s method of incentive for hybrids

A

offer full dollar tax credit to hybrid owners

70
Q

Radon

A

Second biggest cause of cancer after smoking. Radon gas is emitted from decaying uranium and seaps up through soil

71
Q

Step to reduce air pollution in house

A

Stop smoking, keep the house ventilated

72
Q

Legionaires disease

A

Disease caused by sick building syndrome

73
Q

antropogenic greenhouse gas

A

Carbond dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide

74
Q

Increasing earth temperature will result in

A

changes in percipitation (wet areas getting more percipitation and dry areas getting less percipitation), increase in frequency and duration of storms, hot-tolerant species like mosqiuitos invading other habitats, marine ecosysem productivity will change

75
Q

Methods of reacting to earth temperature

A

carbond sequestration, lowering emissions from engine, policy changes kyoto accord,

76
Q

Urban environment vs rural

A

Urban environments are about 20 degrees warmer than rural areas surrounding. Due to the heat absorbing capacity of asphalt, buildings, concrete. Also do to deep pools of water created by run offs, the lower surface area results in less evaporation

77
Q

Combat heat islands

A

Replace dark colored roofs with lighter colors that can reflect the light, also plant more trees in order to increase shade and take advantage of transpiration

78
Q

Temperature inversion

A

The warm air in a city blocks the colder air pollutants from rising up into the atmosphere

79
Q

Clean Water Act

A

Drinking water had to meet standards, as a result of the CWA more bodies of water were found sufficient for fishing and swimming. Also the anually loss of wetlands decreased

80
Q

Dead zones

A

excess nutrients from runoffs on land cause of oxygen-poor water

81
Q

eutrophication

A

allows phytoplankton to grow uncontrollaby. Then zooplankton feed on these phytoplankton. Both these species experience explosive growth. Once these species die bacteria metabolize more oxygen in order to decompose these species. This lack of oxygen creates a hypoxic zone. Result of nutrient rich warm water mixing with salt water

82
Q

Hypoxic zone

A

Zone in water where the is no oxygen

83
Q

Bodies of water and pollutants. Recovery time?

A

Major source of pollution is agriculture, then industrialization, the coal mining. Reservoirs, lakes, ponds are slow to recover from pollutants since the lack of flow prevents dilution of the pollutants. These pollutants undergo biomagnification in the foodchain

84
Q

ground water and pollutants

A

groundwater usually lacks oxygen. Pourous rocks that surround the ground water absorb pollutants

85
Q

Major causes of pollution in bodies of water

A

excess nutrients, organic waste, toxic waste (heavy metals, acid, petroleum), sendiment, hot or cold water, coliform bacteria, invasive species zebra muscles, thermal pollution

86
Q

Tests for water quality

A

pH, hardness (concentration of calcium and magnesium), dissolved oxygen (warm water holds less oxygen than cold water), turbidity (density of particles suspended in the water), BOD (measure of the rate at which bacteria absorb O from water

APES (5 decks)

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