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APES > Chapter 7 PR > Flashcards

Chapter 7 PR Flashcards

1
Q

active collection

A

the use of devices, such as solar panels, to collect, focus, transport, or store solar energy.

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2
Q

barrels

A

the unit used to describe the volume of fossil fuels.

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3
Q

crude oil

A

the form petroleum takes when in the ground

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4
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

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5
Q

fission

A

a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus, especially a heavy nucleus such as an isotope of uranium, splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, releasing from 100 million to several hundred million electron volts of energy.

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6
Q

fossil fuel

A

a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel.

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7
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

says that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transferred and transformed.

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8
Q

fly ash & boiler residue

A

waste products produced by the burning of coal.

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9
Q

half-life

A

the amount of time it takes of a radioactive sample to disappear.

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10
Q

Hubbert Peak (peak oil)

A

an influential theory that concerns the long-term rate of conventional oil (and other fossil fuel) extraction and depletion. It predicts that future world oil production will soon reach a peak and then rapidly decline.

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11
Q

hydroelectric power

A

power generated using water. No pollutants, however hydroelectric power requires rivers to be dammed, which constricts the flow of the river and damages habitats. However new habitats in the form of wetlands form

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12
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

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13
Q

nuclear fusion

A

the process of fusing two nuclei

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14
Q

overburden

A

the rocks and earth that are removed when strip mining for a commercially valuable mineral resource.

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15
Q

passive solar energy collection

A

the use of building materials, building placement, and design to passively collect solar energy that can be used to keep a building warm or cool.

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16
Q

petroleum

A

oil, a hydrocarbon that forms as sediments are buried and pressurized.

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17
Q

photovoltaic cell

A

a semiconductor device that converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy

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18
Q

potential energy

A

energy at rest, or stored enrgy

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19
Q

proven reserve

A

an estimate of the amount of fossil fuel that can be obtained from a reserve

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20
Q

radiant energy

A

sunlight

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21
Q

scrubbers

A

devices containing alkaline substances that precipitate out much of the sulfur dioxide from industrial plants air effluent.

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22
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

says that the entropy of the universe is increasing. The concept that, in most energy transformations, a significant fraction of energy is lost to the universe as heat.

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23
Q

strip mining

A

involves the removal of the earth’s surface all the way down to the level of the mineral seam. Then the overbruden (the top soil that was removed) is replaced , the area is contoured, and then revegetated

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24
Q

underground mining

A

involves the sinking of shafts to reach underground deposits. In this type of mining, networks of tunnels are dug or blasted and humans enter these tunnels in order to manually retrieve the coal. When saves are abandoned subsidence occurs where the cave cave slumps. Produces acid mine drainage (acidic material)

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25
Q

wind farm

A

a group of modern turbines

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26
Q

Most energy is used to creat what?

A

Electricity

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27
Q

What is the process of creating electricity

A

Water is heated up into steam, this steam turns a turbine, this turbine powers a generator that has a magnet pass over copper coil. This passing over of the magnet over the copper coil produces an electric flow, which in turn creates alternating current

28
Q

Resources used to create electricity (produce the steam that turns the turbine)

A

64% fossil fuels, 17% nuclear energy, 19% renewable energy sources

29
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

oil makes up 35% of global energy production, then is coal, then is natural gas

30
Q

Oil is composed of what

A

hydrocarbons

31
Q

Coal is composed of what

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

32
Q

Natural gas is what type of energy and produced from what

A

nonrenewable fossil fuel produced from methane (CH4)

33
Q

Seam

A

Deposits of coal

34
Q

exploratory well

A

Used by geologists to drill and sample area for oil

35
Q

Coal ranking

A

Coal is ranked based on the BTU’s it produces when burned, this btu count depends on the purity of the carbon composing the coal. Antracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite

36
Q

Coal? What is produced when coal is burned

A

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, used by 50% of energy plants. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury, and sulfur dioxide are produced when coal is burned. Also coal burning produces fly ash and boiler residue

37
Q

Solution to organic sulfur produced during the burning of coal

A

Scrubbers or burning the coal in the pressence of lime stone. The sulfur combines with the calcium from the lime stone to produce calcium sulfate

38
Q

How does coal powered power plants effect fish?

A

Mercury in the air is then deposited through rain into water and these fish have high amounts of mercury. These fish are then eaten by people

39
Q

What produces natural gas? Where can these be found

A

Anerobic bacteria produce natural gas. Anerobic bacteria can be found in landfills, swamps, and intestines of animals

40
Q

Largest and second largest sources of methane

A

Wetlands are the largest source follwed by the intestines of animals

41
Q

Consequences of natural gas

A

methane leaks uncontrollably, high risk of explosion, more difficult to transport than coal and oil. Must be liqufied in order to transport.

42
Q

Vampire Appliances

A

appliances that consume energy even when turned off

43
Q

Fusion Reactors

A

Use uranium-238 and this uranium-238 is enriched with 3% uranium-235

44
Q

Breeder Reactor

A

Creates uranium for use in fision reactors

45
Q

Nuclear Fusion reactors

A

Estimated to be the future of nuclear power. Hydrogen isotop titrium (2 neutrons) and deuterium (1 neutron) are used

46
Q

Boiling Water Reactors

A

heat from nuclear reaction turns water into steam, the steam turns the turbine, and then the steam is converted into water by a heat exhcanger. This is a two water circulation system

47
Q

Pressurized Water Reactor

A

three water circulation system. The first part cools the reactor, the second part makes steam, the third part cools the steam back to a liquid. The major difference that you can use to identify the difference between pressurized and boiling water reactors is that, the pressurized water reactor has a reactor heat exchanger in the building

48
Q

Tradgedy caused by nuclear reactors

A

Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania and Chernobyl Ukraine

49
Q

Meltdown

A

Reactor losses coolant water and thus the reactor core melts the containment building, causing radioactive material to get into ground water

50
Q

Explosion

A

Gases generated by uncontrolled core burst the containment vessel and spread radioactive material into the environment

51
Q

Nuclear Weapons

A

By products of fission material can be repurposed into nuclear bombs

52
Q

Highly radioactive waste

A

The nuclear waste like plutonium-239 must be stored for a long time

53
Q

Thermal pollution

A

Water is returned into bodies of water warmer than it was

54
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Gama rays can damage cells and cause cancer

55
Q

Corner of one’s safety

A

Not in my backyear syndrome

56
Q

United States and nuclear energy

A

The US has decomissioned many nuclear plants, because they are running out of places to store the nuclear wastw

57
Q

Gasohol

A

90% gasoline, 10% ethanol. Obtained by fermenting agricultural crops. Gasohol has a higher octane amount than gasoline and burns slowly and completely. Disadvantages include that gashol is expensive to produce, vaporizes more readily than gasoline, potential to aggrevate ozone pollution in warm weather.

58
Q

biodiesel

A

waste vegetable oil

59
Q

Cons of dams

A

Sendiment trapped behind the dam sinks to the bottom of the dam in a process called silting. The reservoir has a greater surface area causing more water to evaporate. Salmon and other fish that return to their spawning location can not return

60
Q

Nacelle

A

The base of the windmill that houses the gearbox

61
Q

windmill facts

A

Fastest growing renewable power source. The initiall capital to setup a windmill still outweights the amount of money generated

62
Q

ocean tides

A

Generator that turns turbine based on when tides arrive and leave

63
Q

Hydrogen cells

A

regarded as the best, cleanest, and safest fuel source. Uses electrolysis and then the reverse electrolysis to produce energy. In order to be a replacement of fossil fuels, an inexpensive method of powering hydrolysis must be implemented. Currently the use of a photovoltaic cell to store the energy for hydrolysis seems to be the most efficient.

64
Q

United States has adapted the CAFE

A

Corporate average fuel economy standard which sets miles per gallon standards for a fleet of cars

65
Q

Natural Gas produces

A

carbon dioxide and water vapor

66
Q

Geothermal eneregy

A

Energy produced by harnessing earth’s internal heat. In technically renewable, but if the ground water is used at a faster rate, then the geothermal source becomes limited. Downsides, only certain areas have geothermal locations to tap, salts dissolved in the water corrode the machinary. Also gases (ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and methane. trapped in the water might be released when the water is used.

APES (5 decks)

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