chapter 8

Question 1

Characteristics of a true first word

Answer 1

1) Recognizability
2) Appropriatness to context
3) Conventinality of Use

Question 2

Preparing happens in what devl stage?

Answer 2

Perlocutionary

Question 3

Intent to Communnicate happens in what devl stage?

Answer 3

Illocutionary

Question 4

The First Word happens in what devl stage?

Answer 4

Locutionary

Question 5

Specific Nominals

Answer 5

14% of vocab

specfic names of nouns

Question 6

General Nominals

Answer 6

51% of vocab

general names of nouns

Question 7

Action words

Answer 7

9% of vocab

describe actions

Question 8

Modifiers

Answer 8

9% of vocab

qualities of things

Question 9

Personal-Social words

Answer 9

9% of vocab

social-expressive words

Question 10

Functional words

Answer 10

4% of vocab

items that serve a grammatical function

Question 11

Nameless category principle

Answer 11

a novel word will be taken as the name for a previously unnamed object EX. Cup, comb, novel , object (dax

Question 12

Principle of Mutual Exclusivity

Answer 12

if a child already has a name for an object, it cannot receive another name EX. Cup, comb

Question 13

Whole Object Bias

Answer 13

guides the child to infer that the word label refers to the entire object and not just a part or its motion . EX. Car

Question 14

Shape Bias

Answer 14

constrains word extension based and shared perceptual features of the original referent and the novel exemplar EX.moon, ball

Question 15

Fast Mapping

Answer 15

an initial association is made between word and referent; Quick Incidental Learning

Question 16

Slow Mapping

Answer 16

process of enriching lexical-semantic representations after a word is fast mapped; enriched through increased frequency of exposure and/or richer quality of exposure

Question 17

Types of word errors

Answer 17

overextension, underextension, naming errors, word retrieval error

Question 18

Overextension

Answer 18

When a child uses a word too broadly to refer to referents that may be similar in perceptual feature or function.
Examples: calling a strange man “daddy”

Question 19

Underextension

Answer 19

These words have to narrow a meaning; the use of dog only when referring to a child’s dog and not other dogs

Question 20

Word Retrieval Error

Answer 20

Phonologically: chicken/kitchen
Semantically: skating/skiing
Phonologically & semantically: elevator/escalator
An indeterminate response: I don’t know, thing
A perseverative response: uses the same word for different objects
A visual misperception: lollipop/balloon

Semantic errors and indeterminate errors; It is usually do to a weak or missing semantic representation of the target word or weak links between semantic knowledge and lexical items

Question 21

Working Memory

Answer 21

involved in active, online processing of information; allows for temporary storage of information white it is being manipulated or processed. Limited capacity of resources as to where the information is directed; system used to make sense of new information and to integrate new information with known information stored in the LTM

Question 22

Phonological Loop (WM)

Answer 22

encodes, maintains, and manipulates speech-based input; critical for vocabulary development. Auditory and verbal information

Question 23

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (WM)

Answer 23

manipulates visual information for visual recognition and orientation of stimuli

Question 24

Episodic Buffer (WM)

Answer 24

provides a place for integration of information to occur after the initial processing. Allows temporary representations to be integrated (new and old information)

Question 25

Central Executive (WM)

Answer 25

modulates attention to each type of information; coordinates the actions between the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad and connects it to the episodic buffer and LTM

Question 26

Long Term Memory

Answer 26

a memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of info for long periods of time; one stage in the modal model of memory

Question 27

Decontextualization

Answer 27

gradual distancing of a symbol from the original development learning context; this ability is important for spoken and written language development

Question 28

Naming expolsion/Nominal Insight

Answer 28

a discernable rapid increase in the number of words a child is learning and using

Question 29

Phonetically Consistent Forms

Answer 29

children progress from a period of babbling to a point at which they begin to stabilize certain vocalizations around specific situations, events, and objects