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Psychology Test 3 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Define human development:

A

scientific study of changes as people age from conception to death

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2
Q

Define nature (in human development):

A

in hearted characteristics (genes)

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3
Q

Define nurture (in human development):

A

environment

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4
Q

What does behavioral genetics focus on?

A

Nature vs. nurture interaction

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5
Q

Define longtitudial research:

A

same participants are studied over a long period of time to note age-related changes

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6
Q

What is cross-sectional research?

A

different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time to note age-related differences

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7
Q

What is cross-sequential research?

A

different age groups of participants are studied over a limited period of time to note both changes and differences

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8
Q

what 2 studies were done to study nature-nurture interaction?

A

adoption and twin studies

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9
Q

What did adoption studies do?

A

an adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological and the adoptive family

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10
Q

What did twin studies do?

A

identical twins are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects

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11
Q

What is the prenatal period?

A

development period before birth

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12
Q

What is another name for prenatal period?

A

gestation period

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13
Q

What is conception?

A

when sperm penetrates ovium

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14
Q

Define gamete:

A

sex cells

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15
Q

Define zygote:

A

the single cell formed from fertilization

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16
Q

Define embryo:

A

when the baby is from 2 weeks to 8 weeks old and is firmly attached to the uterus

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17
Q

Define fetus:

A

the form of the baby from 8 weeks to birth.

tremendous growth occurs during this stage

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18
Q

define placenta:

A

specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away the developing baby’s waste products

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19
Q

Define teratogens:

A

any substance that can cause birth defects

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20
Q

What are examples of teratogenes:

A

drugs
chemicals
viruses

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21
Q

How long does the embryonic stage last?

A

it last from eek 2 to week 8

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22
Q

Why is organogenesis used to describe the embryonic stage?

A

during this time all major organs begin to form

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23
Q

define critical period (pertaining to the embryonic period):

A

time during which some environmental influences can have devastating effects on the infant

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24
Q

How long does the fetal stage last?

A

from week 8 to birth

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25
Q

Organs have began to do what by the fetal stage?

A

beginning to form

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26
Q

What does the fetal stage consist of?

A

growth and maturation

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27
Q

What is the quickening?

A

when mom can feel the fetus move

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28
Q

when does the quickening occur?

A

at about 16 weeks

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29
Q

What is viability?

A

when fetus has a 50/50 chance of survival on its own

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30
Q

When does viability happen?

A

at about 24 weeks

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31
Q

What 3 basic survival tasks are newborns born equipped with?

A

Finding nourishment
making contacts with people
avoiding harmful situations

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32
Q

What is another word for newborn?

A

neonates

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33
Q

What are 4 critical areas of adjustment for newborns?

A

Respiration
digestion
circulation
temperature regulating

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34
Q

Infants are born with what reflexes to help the infant survive?

A

Sucking
Moro
Grasping
Babinski

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35
Q

What is Moro?

A

startle

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36
Q

What is Babinski?

A

foot reflex involving the fanning of the toes

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37
Q

All senses besides ____ are well developed at birth.

A

vision

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38
Q

What develops at a fast pace during infancy and early childhood?

A

Gross and Fine Motor Skills

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39
Q

In what 2 ways does Physical maturation occur?

A

Cephalocaudal

Proximodistal

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40
Q

what is cephalocaudal?

A

development mainly in the head

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41
Q

What is proximodistal?

A

development of arms and legs and trunk

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42
Q

Infants have the ability to learn though what?

A

classical and operant conditioning

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43
Q

What is innate (inborn) sociability?

A

ability of babies to connect with people around them

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44
Q

What is maturation (during infancy)?

A

unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time

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45
Q

What are the development tasks of childhood?

A

tasks in the areas of:
thought processes
language
social relationships

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46
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Thinking
Problem Solving
memory

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47
Q

What did jean Piaget theorize?

A

4 qualitative different cognitive stages

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48
Q

What do the 4 stages of cognitive development result from?

A

Maturation (nature)

experience (nurture)

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49
Q

Define scheme:

A

mental concept that organizes understanding

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50
Q

Schemes become more______ through time.

A

complex

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51
Q

The more complex schemes become the more_______

A

useful they become

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52
Q

What causes schemes to grow?

A

experience

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53
Q

Define assimilation:

A

when trying to understand new things in terms of old schemes

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54
Q

define accommodation:

A

process of altering old schemes to fit new info

55
Q

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development (according to Piaget)?

A

Sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

56
Q

from birth to age 2 is _______

A

sensorimotor stage

57
Q

Reflexes develop during which stage?

A

sensorimotor stage

58
Q

Exploring with senses and ability to move happens during the______

A

sensorimotor stage

59
Q

Interactions go from_____ to ______ during the sensorimotor stage

A

involuntary; intentional

60
Q

What 3 other things develop during the sensorimotor stage?

A

Object permanence
mental reprensetations
imitation

61
Q

What age group does preoperational stage consist of?

62
Q

during the pre operational stage mental reprenstations become_____

A

well developed

63
Q

During which stage can wwe begin using language effectively?

A

preoperational stage

64
Q

What are some characterics of the preoperational stage?

A 
Pretend
remember
egocentrism
animistic thinking
Centration
65
Q

What is egocentrism

A

everybody sees the world like i do

66
Q

what is animistic thinking?

A

believing everything is alive and is human to some extent

67
Q

What is centration?

A

can focus only on one dimension

68
Q

What age group makes up concrete operational?

69
Q

What does concrete operational consist of?

A

basic logic
mental operations
reversibility
conservation

70
Q

what age group makes up formal operational?

71
Q

Does everyone make it to formal operational?

72
Q

What does formal operation consist of?

A

abstract thought
adult-level reasoning
critical thinking

73
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky theorize?

A

cognitive development is social in nature

74
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

person gives the learner more help at the beginning and slowly withdraws themselves from helping

75
Q

Promting and props are part of what?

A

scaffolding

76
Q

Define zone of proximal development:

A

difference between what a learner can do alone and what she/he can do with the help of a teacher

77
Q

Why is language a cognitive milestone? (4)

A

think and remember in words
ask questions to gain info
communicate needs and wants
form concepts

78
Q

What are the universal stages of language development?

A 
Cooing
babbling
one-word speech
telegraphic speech
whole sentences
79
Q

What is another word for one-word speech?

A

holophrases

80
Q

what does the behaviorism theory of language acquisition base it self upon?

A

Skinner-Operant Conditioning

learn language by eating punished or rewarded for words

81
Q

Nativism psychologist believe in what theory of language acquisition?

A

Language acquisition device

82
Q

Who came up with the Language acquisition device?

83
Q

Define language acquisition device:

A

language is preprogrammed into our minds

84
Q

Define constructivism:

A

receptive and expressive ability

child directed speech

85
Q

What develops during Psychological development?

A

personality
relationship
gender identity formation

86
Q

Define temperament:

A

behavioral and emotional characteristics

87
Q

Temperament is well developed at ______

88
Q

Characteristics of a easy temperament baby:

A

regular
adaptable
happy

89
Q

What are the characteristics of a difficult tempermant baby:

A

Irregular
non adaptable
irritable

90
Q

What are the characteristics of a slow to warm up tempermant baby?

A

need to adjust gradually to change

91
Q

What is attachment in the infant stage?

A

emotional bond between an infant and primary caregiver

92
Q

What is attachment called among animals?

A

imprinting

93
Q

What does attacment effect later in life?

A

relationships

94
Q

What are the 4 attachment styles?

A

Secure
avoidant
ambivalent
Disorganized-disoriented

95
Q

accordion to Erikson how many stages of life is there?

96
Q

What are the stages based on in Eriksons stages of life?

A

crisis and turning points of each stage

97
Q

According to Erikson every stage of life has to be successfully met for what to occur?

A

normal psychological development

98
Q

By what age do children know their sex?

99
Q

Gender idenity develops________

100
Q

Define sex:

A

physical characteristics driven by genetics

101
Q

What are the two types of sexes?

A

male

female

102
Q

Define gender idenity:

A

perception of one’s gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender

103
Q

Gender development continues after________

104
Q

Define adolescence:

A

life stage from puberty to adulthood

105
Q

Define puberty:

A

onset of sexual maturity (primary and secondary changes)

106
Q

Is the brain fully developed in adolescence?

107
Q

What are some characteristics of adolescence?

A

adolescence egocentrism
risk-taking
personal fable
imaginary audience

108
Q

Moral development develops during____

A

adolescence

109
Q

According to Kohlberg what are the 3 basic stages of reasoning between right and wrong?

A

Preconventinal
conventional
postconventional

110
Q

Who further worked on Kolberg’s idea?

A

Carol Gilligan

111
Q

What confusion happens during adolescence?

A

identity vs. role

112
Q

What are some areas of idenity formation?

A

Occupational choices
sexual orientation
values and morals

113
Q

What conflict is during adolescence?

A

parent/teen

114
Q

Peer pressure increases during_________

A

adolescence

115
Q

When does adulthood begin?

A

When you become financial and emotional self-sufficient

116
Q

What are Erikson’s adult stages:?

A

Intimacy vs. isolation
generatively vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair

117
Q

What is the Young Adult “to-do list” consist of?

A

find love

find work

118
Q

Parenting usually begins during________

A

young adulthood

119
Q

What stages of adulthood does parenting stretch across?

A

young, middle, and late

120
Q

What is the preferred parenting style?

A

authoritative parenting

121
Q

Define authoritative parenting:

A

firm limits
loving
respectful

122
Q

What does middle adulthood changes consist of?

A

changes in sexual hormones and reproductive organs

123
Q

Middle-age Woman go through______

124
Q

Middle age men______go through_______

A

may; andropause

125
Q

What happens to middle aged adults intelligence and memory?

A

stays stable

126
Q

Health problems during middle-age__________

127
Q

What happens to reaction time as adults age?

A

gets slower

128
Q

Your mind:

A

use it or loose it

129
Q

Wat are ways to keep your mind healthy?

A 
read
have friends
keep learning
manage stress
stay physically healthy
130
Q

Define cellular clock theory

A

cells are limited in the amount of times they can reproduce to repair damage

131
Q

Define wear and tear theory:

A

physical damage eventually kills us

132
Q

define free radical heory:

A

oxygen molecules destroy the cell from the inside. more develop over time and eventually kills us

133
Q

What does the activity theory state?

A

older people are happier if they remain active

134
Q

What are the 5 stages of Kubler-Ross Stages of Death and Dying?

A 
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance

Psychology Test 3 (4 decks)

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