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Psychology Test 3 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Thinking

A

higher order mental process

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2
Q

What does thinking consist of

A

organizing and attempting to understand info and communicating info to others

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3
Q

What are he components of thought?

A

representations that resemble:

  1. Concepts
  2. images
  3. Schemas
  4. Scripts
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4
Q

Define mental Images:

A

representations that resemble the object or event represented

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5
Q

Define Concepts

A

mental representations of categories of items or ideas, based on experience

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6
Q

Concepts are categorized in groups of:

A

objects
events
people

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7
Q

Concepts share ___________

A

common properties

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8
Q

Define prototypes

A

representative example of a concept

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9
Q

prototypes determine how we_______

A

respond to stimulus

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10
Q

Prototypes aid in

A

efficient processing of info

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11
Q

True/False

Prototypes never have errors.

A

False

they may have errors

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12
Q

Define Natural Concepts:

A

concepts formed from experiences in the real world

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13
Q

Define artificial concepts:

A

concepts learned from scholarly stuff

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14
Q

What are the levels of a concept hierarchy?

A

Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate levels

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15
Q

Example of a superordinate concept

A

fruit

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16
Q

Define superordinate concept

A

very general concept

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17
Q

Give an example of a basic level concept

A

an apple

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18
Q

give an example of a superordinate concept

A

Granny Smith apple

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19
Q

Define schema

A

knowledge clusters that provide expectations

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20
Q

Schemas provide expectations for:

A 
topics
events
objects
people
situations in one's life
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21
Q

Define script (event schema):

A

cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in a particular setting

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22
Q

good thinkers know a lot of______

A

algorithms

heuristics

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23
Q

Good thinkers know how to avoid______

A

Common impediments to problem solving and decision making

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24
Q

What are the 3 basic steps to problem solving?

A
  1. preparation
  2. Production
  3. Evaluation
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25
Q

Define reasoning

A

using info to draw conclusions and make decisions

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26
Q

reasoning involves:

A

retrieving answers from LTM
Trial and Error
Algorithms

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27
Q

Define algorithms:

A

formula that is always successful

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28
Q

Wha is a syllogism?

A

specific formula that is logical

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29
Q

Define heuristic:

A

rule of thumb

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30
Q

Define Creativity:

A

combining responses or ideas in novel ways

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31
Q

Creativity is related to_____

A

divergent thinking

cognitive complexity

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32
Q

Creativity is not highly correlated to_____

A

intelligence

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33
Q

Creativity is_________

A

unusual but appropriate responses

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34
Q

What keeps us from improving our judgment and decisions?

A

Confirmation bias
hindsight bias
anchoring bias
representative bias and availability bias

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35
Q

Confirmation bias statement:

A

when Im right, I’m Right

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36
Q

Hindsight bias statement:

A

I knew it all along

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37
Q

Anchoring bias is based on:

A

first impressions

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38
Q

Representative bias and availability bias is:

A

impulse thinking

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39
Q

Define intelligence:

A

mental capacity to learn from experience, acquirence of knowledge, and use resources efficiently to adapt or solve problems

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40
Q

What is especially active during intelligence-test-type questions?

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

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41
Q

What is the left side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible fore?

A

verbal intelligence

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42
Q

What is the right side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

spatial knowledge

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43
Q

Spearman’s g Factor states

A

intelligence involves 2 different abilities
if you are superior in one, you are superior in it overall
is a psychometric theory of intelligence

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44
Q

gardner’s Multiple Intelligences states;

A

states we have many intelligences (9) and can excel in multiple ones
IS A PSYCHOMETRIC THEORY Of INTELLIGENCE

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45
Q

What does Sternberg’s triachic theory state:

A

there is 3 kinds of intelligence

is a psychometric theory of intelligence

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46
Q

what are the 3 types of intelligence according to Sternberg?

A

analytical
creative
practical

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47
Q

How is intelligence measured?

A

it is a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of task (verbal and nonverbal)

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48
Q

what is normal distribution on the IQ curve?

A

bell-shaped curve describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population

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49
Q

What is the normal range on the IQ curve?

A

scores falling in the middle 2/3’s of a normal distribution

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50
Q

What is your mental age?

A

test result from a type of IQ test that tells you what your mental capacity is accordion to mental age

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51
Q

what does bnet’s psychometric test find out?

A

it measures mental age

52
Q

What is the equation to find IQ?

A 
IQ = MA / CA * 100
MA = Mental age
CA = Child's Age
53
Q

What does Wechsler’s psychometric test do?

A

his test was the first to have different questions for different age groups
gives a score more like an ACT does

54
Q

What are characteristics of psychometric tests:

A

reliability
validity
Norms

55
Q

What is morns?

A

standardization

56
Q

What are some things that effect IQ?

A

nature vs. nurture
influences of the environment
influences on mental ability

57
Q

Explain nature vs. nurture

A

nature is heredity or genes
nurture is environment
both play a role in how much intelligence you have

58
Q

What were twin and adoption studies done to study?

A

nature vs. nurture

59
Q

explain influences of the environment

A

mainly effects of early environment

60
Q

What are some influences on mental ability:

A

prenatal care
nutrition
toxins
stress

61
Q

Define heritability:

A

amount of trait variation within a group that can be contributed to genetic differences

62
Q

Define Mental retardation

A

having significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning

63
Q

How much of the population is effected by mental retardation?

A

1%-3%

64
Q

Mental retardation has to happen before what age?

A

22

65
Q

What can cause mental retardation?

A 
birth accidents
prenatal
genetic
brain damage
toxins
66
Q

define intellectual giftedness

A

having significantly above-average intellectual functioning

67
Q

How much of the population is intellectually gifted?

A

2%-4%

68
Q

What test was done on intellectual giftedness?

A

Terman’s Longitudial study of adjustment

69
Q

Define language:

A

communication using symbols

70
Q

What 5 things compose language?

A 
grammar
Syntax
Morphemes
Semantics
Phonemes
71
Q

Define grammar:

A

system of rules governing the structure and use of a language

72
Q

Define syntax

A

system of rules for combining words and parses to form grammatically correctsentencs

73
Q

Define morphemes

A

smallest meaning within a language

74
Q

Define semantics:

A

rules for determining the meanings of words and sentences

75
Q

Define phonemes:

A

basic units of sound in a language

76
Q

Define pragmatics:

A

practical aspects of communicating with others

77
Q

What is an example of a pragmatic?

A

knowing how to take turns in conversations

78
Q

Define the linguistic relativity hypothesis:

A

though processes and concepts are controlled by language

79
Q

Define Creativity:

A

combining responses or ideas in novel ways

80
Q

Creativity is related to_____

A

divergent thinking

cognitive complexity

81
Q

Creativity is not highly correlated to_____

A

intelligence

82
Q

Creativity is_________

A

unusual but appropriate responses

83
Q

What keeps us from improving our judgment and decisions?

A

Confirmation bias
hindsight bias
anchoring bias
representative bias and availability bias

84
Q

Confirmation bias statement:

A

when Im right, I’m Right

85
Q

Hindsight bias statement:

A

I knew it all along

86
Q

Anchoring bias is based on:

A

first impressions

87
Q

Representative bias and availability bias is:

A

impulse thinking

88
Q

Define intelligence:

A

mental capacity to learn from experience, acquirence of knowledge, and use resources efficiently to adapt or solve problems

89
Q

What is especially active during intelligence-test-type questions?

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

90
Q

What is the left side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible fore?

A

verbal intelligence

91
Q

What is the right side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

spatial knowledge

92
Q

Spearman’s g Factor states

A

intelligence involves 2 different abilities
if you are superior in one, you are superior in it overall
is a psychometric theory of intelligence

93
Q

gardner’s Multiple Intelligences states;

A

states we have many intelligences (9) and can excel in multiple ones
IS A PSYCHOMETRIC THEORY Of INTELLIGENCE

94
Q

What does Sternberg’s triachic theory state:

A

there is 3 kinds of intelligence

is a psychometric theory of intelligence

95
Q

what are the 3 types of intelligence according to Sternberg?

A

analytical
creative
practical

96
Q

How is intelligence measured?

A

it is a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of task (verbal and nonverbal)

97
Q

what is normal distribution on the IQ curve?

A

bell-shaped curve describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population

98
Q

What is the normal range on the IQ curve?

A

scores falling in the middle 2/3’s of a normal distribution

99
Q

What is your mental age?

A

test result from a type of IQ test that tells you what your mental capacity is accordion to mental age

100
Q

what does bnet’s psychometric test find out?

A

it measures mental age

101
Q

What is the equation to find IQ?

A 
IQ = MA / CA * 100
MA = Mental age
CA = Child's Age
102
Q

What does Wechsler’s psychometric test do?

A

his test was the first to have different questions for different age groups
gives a score more like an ACT does

103
Q

What are characteristics of psychometric tests:

A

reliability
validity
Norms

104
Q

What is morns?

A

standardization

105
Q

What are some things that effect IQ?

A

nature vs. nurture
influences of the environment
influences on mental ability

106
Q

Explain nature vs. nurture

A

nature is heredity or genes
nurture is environment
both play a role in how much intelligence you have

107
Q

What were twin and adoption studies done to study?

A

nature vs. nurture

108
Q

explain influences of the environment

A

mainly effects of early environment

109
Q

What are some influences on mental ability:

A

prenatal care
nutrition
toxins
stress

110
Q

Define heritability:

A

amount of trait variation within a group that can be contributed to genetic differences

111
Q

Define Mental retardation

A

having significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning

112
Q

How much of the population is effected by mental retardation?

A

1%-3%

113
Q

Mental retardation has to happen before what age?

A

22

114
Q

What can cause mental retardation?

A 
birth accidents
prenatal
genetic
brain damage
toxins
115
Q

define intellectual giftedness

A

having significantly above-average intellectual functioning

116
Q

How much of the population is intellectually gifted?

A

2%-4%

117
Q

What test was done on intellectual giftedness?

A

Terman’s Longitudial study of adjustment

118
Q

Define language:

A

communication using symbols

119
Q

What 5 things compose language?

A 
grammar
Syntax
Morphemes
Semantics
Phonemes
120
Q

Define grammar:

A

system of rules governing the structure and use of a language

121
Q

Define syntax

A

system of rules for combining words and parses to form grammatically correctsentencs

122
Q

Define morphemes

A

smallest meaning within a language

123
Q

Define semantics:

A

rules for determining the meanings of words and sentences

124
Q

Define phonemes:

A

basic units of sound in a language

125
Q

Define pragmatics:

A

practical aspects of communicating with others

126
Q

What is an example of a pragmatic?

A

knowing how to take turns in conversations

127
Q

Define the linguistic relativity hypothesis:

A

though processes and concepts are controlled by language

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