Chapter 7 Flashcards
Define Thinking
higher order mental process
What does thinking consist of
organizing and attempting to understand info and communicating info to others
What are he components of thought?
representations that resemble:
- Concepts
- images
- Schemas
- Scripts
Define mental Images:
representations that resemble the object or event represented
Define Concepts
mental representations of categories of items or ideas, based on experience
Concepts are categorized in groups of:
objects
events
people
Concepts share ___________
common properties
Define prototypes
representative example of a concept
prototypes determine how we_______
respond to stimulus
Prototypes aid in
efficient processing of info
True/False
Prototypes never have errors.
False
they may have errors
Define Natural Concepts:
concepts formed from experiences in the real world
Define artificial concepts:
concepts learned from scholarly stuff
What are the levels of a concept hierarchy?
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate levels
Example of a superordinate concept
fruit
Define superordinate concept
very general concept
Give an example of a basic level concept
an apple
give an example of a superordinate concept
Granny Smith apple
Define schema
knowledge clusters that provide expectations
Schemas provide expectations for:
topics events objects people situations in one's life
Define script (event schema):
cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in a particular setting
good thinkers know a lot of______
algorithms
heuristics
Good thinkers know how to avoid______
Common impediments to problem solving and decision making
What are the 3 basic steps to problem solving?
- preparation
- Production
- Evaluation
Define reasoning
using info to draw conclusions and make decisions
reasoning involves:
retrieving answers from LTM
Trial and Error
Algorithms
Define algorithms:
formula that is always successful
Wha is a syllogism?
specific formula that is logical
Define heuristic:
rule of thumb
Define Creativity:
combining responses or ideas in novel ways
Creativity is related to_____
divergent thinking
cognitive complexity
Creativity is not highly correlated to_____
intelligence
Creativity is_________
unusual but appropriate responses
What keeps us from improving our judgment and decisions?
Confirmation bias
hindsight bias
anchoring bias
representative bias and availability bias
Confirmation bias statement:
when Im right, I’m Right
Hindsight bias statement:
I knew it all along
Anchoring bias is based on:
first impressions
Representative bias and availability bias is:
impulse thinking
Define intelligence:
mental capacity to learn from experience, acquirence of knowledge, and use resources efficiently to adapt or solve problems
What is especially active during intelligence-test-type questions?
lateral prefrontal cortex
What is the left side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible fore?
verbal intelligence
What is the right side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?
spatial knowledge
Spearman’s g Factor states
intelligence involves 2 different abilities
if you are superior in one, you are superior in it overall
is a psychometric theory of intelligence
gardner’s Multiple Intelligences states;
states we have many intelligences (9) and can excel in multiple ones
IS A PSYCHOMETRIC THEORY Of INTELLIGENCE
What does Sternberg’s triachic theory state:
there is 3 kinds of intelligence
is a psychometric theory of intelligence
what are the 3 types of intelligence according to Sternberg?
analytical
creative
practical
How is intelligence measured?
it is a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of task (verbal and nonverbal)
what is normal distribution on the IQ curve?
bell-shaped curve describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population
What is the normal range on the IQ curve?
scores falling in the middle 2/3’s of a normal distribution
What is your mental age?
test result from a type of IQ test that tells you what your mental capacity is accordion to mental age
what does bnet’s psychometric test find out?
it measures mental age
What is the equation to find IQ?
IQ = MA / CA * 100 MA = Mental age CA = Child's Age
What does Wechsler’s psychometric test do?
his test was the first to have different questions for different age groups
gives a score more like an ACT does
What are characteristics of psychometric tests:
reliability
validity
Norms
What is morns?
standardization
What are some things that effect IQ?
nature vs. nurture
influences of the environment
influences on mental ability
Explain nature vs. nurture
nature is heredity or genes
nurture is environment
both play a role in how much intelligence you have
What were twin and adoption studies done to study?
nature vs. nurture
explain influences of the environment
mainly effects of early environment
What are some influences on mental ability:
prenatal care
nutrition
toxins
stress
Define heritability:
amount of trait variation within a group that can be contributed to genetic differences
Define Mental retardation
having significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning
How much of the population is effected by mental retardation?
1%-3%
Mental retardation has to happen before what age?
22
What can cause mental retardation?
birth accidents prenatal genetic brain damage toxins
define intellectual giftedness
having significantly above-average intellectual functioning
How much of the population is intellectually gifted?
2%-4%
What test was done on intellectual giftedness?
Terman’s Longitudial study of adjustment
Define language:
communication using symbols
What 5 things compose language?
grammar Syntax Morphemes Semantics Phonemes
Define grammar:
system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
Define syntax
system of rules for combining words and parses to form grammatically correctsentencs
Define morphemes
smallest meaning within a language
Define semantics:
rules for determining the meanings of words and sentences
Define phonemes:
basic units of sound in a language
Define pragmatics:
practical aspects of communicating with others
What is an example of a pragmatic?
knowing how to take turns in conversations
Define the linguistic relativity hypothesis:
though processes and concepts are controlled by language
Define Creativity:
combining responses or ideas in novel ways
Creativity is related to_____
divergent thinking
cognitive complexity
Creativity is not highly correlated to_____
intelligence
Creativity is_________
unusual but appropriate responses
What keeps us from improving our judgment and decisions?
Confirmation bias
hindsight bias
anchoring bias
representative bias and availability bias
Confirmation bias statement:
when Im right, I’m Right
Hindsight bias statement:
I knew it all along
Anchoring bias is based on:
first impressions
Representative bias and availability bias is:
impulse thinking
Define intelligence:
mental capacity to learn from experience, acquirence of knowledge, and use resources efficiently to adapt or solve problems
What is especially active during intelligence-test-type questions?
lateral prefrontal cortex
What is the left side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible fore?
verbal intelligence
What is the right side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?
spatial knowledge
Spearman’s g Factor states
intelligence involves 2 different abilities
if you are superior in one, you are superior in it overall
is a psychometric theory of intelligence
gardner’s Multiple Intelligences states;
states we have many intelligences (9) and can excel in multiple ones
IS A PSYCHOMETRIC THEORY Of INTELLIGENCE
What does Sternberg’s triachic theory state:
there is 3 kinds of intelligence
is a psychometric theory of intelligence
what are the 3 types of intelligence according to Sternberg?
analytical
creative
practical
How is intelligence measured?
it is a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of task (verbal and nonverbal)
what is normal distribution on the IQ curve?
bell-shaped curve describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population
What is the normal range on the IQ curve?
scores falling in the middle 2/3’s of a normal distribution
What is your mental age?
test result from a type of IQ test that tells you what your mental capacity is accordion to mental age
what does bnet’s psychometric test find out?
it measures mental age
What is the equation to find IQ?
IQ = MA / CA * 100 MA = Mental age CA = Child's Age
What does Wechsler’s psychometric test do?
his test was the first to have different questions for different age groups
gives a score more like an ACT does
What are characteristics of psychometric tests:
reliability
validity
Norms
What is morns?
standardization
What are some things that effect IQ?
nature vs. nurture
influences of the environment
influences on mental ability
Explain nature vs. nurture
nature is heredity or genes
nurture is environment
both play a role in how much intelligence you have
What were twin and adoption studies done to study?
nature vs. nurture
explain influences of the environment
mainly effects of early environment
What are some influences on mental ability:
prenatal care
nutrition
toxins
stress
Define heritability:
amount of trait variation within a group that can be contributed to genetic differences
Define Mental retardation
having significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning
How much of the population is effected by mental retardation?
1%-3%
Mental retardation has to happen before what age?
22
What can cause mental retardation?
birth accidents prenatal genetic brain damage toxins
define intellectual giftedness
having significantly above-average intellectual functioning
How much of the population is intellectually gifted?
2%-4%
What test was done on intellectual giftedness?
Terman’s Longitudial study of adjustment
Define language:
communication using symbols
What 5 things compose language?
grammar Syntax Morphemes Semantics Phonemes
Define grammar:
system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
Define syntax
system of rules for combining words and parses to form grammatically correctsentencs
Define morphemes
smallest meaning within a language
Define semantics:
rules for determining the meanings of words and sentences
Define phonemes:
basic units of sound in a language
Define pragmatics:
practical aspects of communicating with others
What is an example of a pragmatic?
knowing how to take turns in conversations
Define the linguistic relativity hypothesis:
though processes and concepts are controlled by language
