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Animal Physiology Test 4 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the energy currency of animals?

Large amounts of ATP are quickly needed for survival. What are two examples?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

  1. Crayfish startle response
  2. Sprint
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2
Q

What are the 2 exercise types and their meaning?

A

Burst exercise: Very quick, intense exercise that depletes ATP very quickly

Sustained exercise: Steady, sustained exercise in which ATP is replenished for long periods

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3
Q

Each cell must make its own_____?

ATP is not stored. Why?

A

ATP

Too reactive; could cause reactions to happen that you don’t want.

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4
Q

the ____ at which a cell can work is ____ on the rate at which it can make ATP

ADP + Pi + energy from food —–> ATP

ATP ——> ADP + Pi + ___?

A
  1. rate
  2. dependent
  3. energy usable by the cell
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5
Q

What are the two major pathways of ATP production?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

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6
Q

Aerobic metabolism

Every cell has this pathway which uses ___ and ___ energy to produce ____ , _____ , and _____

What are the 4 sets of reactions?

A

O2 and food energy

H2O, CO2, and ATP

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle (citric acid)
  3. Electron-transport chain
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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7
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of glycolysis?

A
  • Occurs in the cytosol
  • Anaerobic (not really because it stops without 02)
  • Uses 2 ATP
  • Creates 2 ATP (net) and 2 NADH2
  • Very inefficient
  • 2 pyruvic adics from 1 glucose
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8
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of kreb cycle?

A
  • Occurs in mitochondria
  • 2 turns of the wheel for every glucose
  • Creates 2 ATP, 8 NADH2 and 2 FADH2.
  • 6CO2 is waste
  • Neither glycolysis nor the Krebs cycle require O2
    • However, without O2, the cells run out of NAD and FAD. This stops the reactions
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9
Q

Electron Transport Chain

Occurs across the _____

Requires ___ major protein complexes

The chain takes ___ from NADH2 and FADH2 and passes them along

Cytochrome oxidase passes the electrons (& H+) to O2, reducing it to H2O

Oxygen is the ____?

Without O2, the cell can’t get rid of the electrons

A
  1. inner mitochondrial membrane
  2. 4
  3. electrons
  4. final electron acceptor
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10
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Occurs in _____?

Uses energy from the ____ to make ATP

Which protein omplexes make ATP?

NADH2 can make ____ ATPs, FADH2 makes ___

This makes a total of ___?

____ made 4, so we have a total of 38 ATPs

ATP synthase?

Uncoupling protein or UCP1

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. electron transport chain
  3. 1, 3, and 4
  4. 3
  5. 2
  6. 34 ATPs
  7. Substrate level phosphorylation
  8. Uses the hydrogen gradient to changed ADP to ATP
  9. Allows hydrogen to go down gradient but just makes heat. brown adiose tissue uses.
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11
Q

4 characteristics of O2 deficiency

A
  1. Electron transport stops
    * Cytochromes become reduced
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation stops
    * The animal loses the ability to generate 34 ATPs!
  3. The cell runs out of NAD and FAD
    * Since NAD is required for glycolysis, it stops too.
  4. Produces redox imbalance!
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12
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

___ can use glycolysis to produce ATP in the absence of O2

How is NAD replenished?

  • NADH2 gives up its electrons to ___
  • This produces___
  • This reaction is carried out by____?
  • Lactic acid may be metabolized through the ___ or ___
A

Vertebrate skeletal muscle

pyruvic acid

lactic acid

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Krebs cycle or gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

What 4 things need to happen for it to be steady-state ATP production?

A
  1. ATP produced as fast as it’s used
  2. Raw materials used no faster than replenished
  3. Chemical by-products removed as fast as produced
  4. Changes do not disrupt cell function
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14
Q

Non-Steady-State ATP Production

Aerobic mechanisms not sufficient for satisfying ATP demand so the body has to use other things. What are they?

Continued work will be physiologically impossible. Why?

A

1.

  • Anaerobic glycolysis
  • Internal O2 stores may be used (myoglobin)
  • Phosphagens may be used
  1. Increased lactic acid and acidification of tissues
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15
Q

What are the 2 phosphogens?

—Compounds with a higher free energy than ATP

A

Creatine phosphate

Arginine phosphate - only in invertebrate but they can use both.

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16
Q

pros and cons

A
17
Q

Fatigue

Multiple causes of fatigue

  • Lactic acid accumulation can cause paralysis
  • Acidification was thought to be a cause
  • Hyperthermia
  • Sustained exercise (best studied)
    • May be lack of glycogen (in muscles)
    • Lack of glucose resupply
    • Hyperthermia may be a factor
    • Cellular-molecular mechanisms now thought to be most important explanations
      • Accumulation of Ca2+ in the wrong place is another explanation
A
18
Q

Muscle Fiber Types

  1. Tonic fibers
  2. Slow-twitch (Type I) fibers
  3. Fast-twitch/oxidative (Type IIa) fibers
  4. Fast-twitch/glycolytic (Type IIb) fibers
A
  1. contract very slowly and do not product twitches; found in postural muscles of lower vertebrates and mammalian muscle spindles (interfusal fibers)
  2. contract and fatigue slowly (red meat)
  3. contract quickly and fatigue relatively slowly (not as slowly as Type I fibers)
  4. contract and fatigue rapidly (white meat)
19
Q

Exercise: Transitions

It takes a bit of time for aerobic mechanisms to meet the demand for ATP

Oxygen ___does not ____as fast as exercise

____mechanisms and _____must be used!

What did this leads to _____ and what did it used to be called?

A
  1. delivery
  2. increase
  3. Anaerobic
  4. phosphagens
  5. oxygen debt
  6. Exercise-postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
20
Q

—Transitions vary depending on the extent of exercise

A
21
Q

How ATP is made troughout the duration of exercise.

A
22
Q

Response to Impaired O2 Intake
—

Hypoxia?

Anoxia?

Why would an animal experience these?

What is metabolic depression?

A
  1. Low oxygen levels available
  2. No oxygen levels available
  3. high elevation and diving
  4. —A reduction in an animals (or tissues) ATP requirements below those normally needed for rest
23
Q

Response to Impaired O2 Intake

During anoxia animals must use ____

  • Vertebrates produce ____, which they don’t ____
  • Most invertebrates ____ produce lactic acid
    • They use different pathways, producing several by-products that are often excreted (ethanol)

Anaerobic pathways are very disadvantageous. Why?

_______ aids animals since it reduces the demand for ATP

A

anaerobic pathways

lactic acid

excrete

don’t

Don’t make alot of ATP and causes buildup of byproducts.

Metabolic depression

24
Q

Hypoxia

  • —Animals may show ____ or ____of ATP synthesis (O2 consumption)
  • —Span of regulation has evolved for the environment in which the animals live
A

conformity or regulation

25
Q

The Challenge of Diving

  • —The brains of most vertebrates require ___ paths—
  • —The dive time of most mammals and birds is limited by ___?
    • —If the dive time is extreme, they must use ___
      • —Oxygen is delivered to brain; other organs use anaerobic metabolism
      • —Crocodiles, sea turtles, lizards, most freshwater/terrestrial turtles
A

aerobic

O2 stores

anaerobic strategies

26
Q

The Challenge of Diving

  • —Some freshwater and terrestrial turtles can survive complete anoxia of their entire body for extended periods
    • —_____ of the brain is key
      • —Turtles become ____
      • —Huge amounts of lactic acid present
      • —____and ____serve asbuffers
A
  1. Metabolic depression
  2. comatose
  3. Shell and bones
27
Q

Water-Breathing Anaerobes

  • O2-free aquatic environments are more common than those in terrestrial environments
  • Some animals can survive as anaerobes
    • Some examples?
    • Ribbed mussels can be buried in __and survive for __ days in a __ environment
    • Some ___ can survive and reproduce in O2-free environments for __ months
  • Rare in aquatic vertebrates
    • ___can survive without oxygen for up to __ days at ___C
A
  1. clams, mussels, bivalve molluscs
  2. mud
  3. 5
  4. N2
  5. annelids
  6. 7
  7. Goldfish
  8. 6
  9. 10
28
Q

Invertebrate Anaerobiosis

  • Most common products?
  • Reactions in addition to Kreb’s cycle
    • Some produce ATP
  • Although there is an energy cost, most excrete end products to reduce ___ and prevent self-limitation due to redox imbalance
  • 2 Advantages over animal anaerobic glycolysis?
A
  1. Acetic acid, succinic acid, propionic acid, alanine
  2. acidification
  3. Pathways may also use amino acids
  4. Pathways can send carbon chains to be used for biosynthesis
29
Q

Vertebrate Anaerobiosis

  • —Goldfish and crucian carp can survive for long periods without oxygen while remaining conscious
  • —Swimming muscles contain alcohol dehydrogenase
    • —Produces ethanol
      • —Allows excretion of carbon chains through the gills
  • —These fish exhibit much less metabolic depression
  • —Crucian carp can also store glycoge in then brain
A

Animal Physiology Test 4 (4 decks)

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