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Animal Physiology Test 4 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy metabolism is?

Metabolic rate?

What are the 2 processes?

A
  1. The sum of the processes by which animals acquire energy, channel energy into useful functions, and dissipate energy from their bodies.
    • Also could be all the chemical reactions in the body
  2. How fast chemical reactions happen
  3. Anabolic- the building of. synthetic reactions
  4. Catabolic- breakdown of. destruction reactions
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2
Q

Why Animals Need Energy

Animals are organized/ordered systems

The ____ law of thermodynamics

  • If an isolated system undergoes internal change, the direction of the change is always toward greater _____
  • Applies to isolated systems. What is one?
  • Order can be maintained or increased only if the system is not isolated
A
  1. second
  2. disorder
  3. does not exchange anything with its surroundings
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3
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do mechanical work or the capacity to increase order

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4
Q

What are the 4 different forms of energy?

A
  1. Chemical energy- ATP
  2. Electrical energy- membrane voltage potential; movement of ions (amp)
  3. Mechanical energy- holding head up
  4. Heat (molecular kinetic energy)
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5
Q

The different energy forms are not equally capable of performing work

Physiological work is ?

Chemical energy is ___

Animals can not use heat to perform any physiological work

A
  1. Anything an animal does to increase order
  2. Totipotent (can do all kinds of mechanical work)
  • Electrical and mechanical energy are not
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6
Q

High-grade energy transformations are _____

Efficiency= ?

Only ___ of the chemical energy in glucose is found in ATP

Only ___ of the energy in ATP can be used during muscle contraction

A
  1. inefficient
  2. output/input
  3. 70%
  4. 25-30%
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7
Q

Animals use energy for what 3 functions?

A
  1. Biosynthesis
  2. Maintenance
  3. Generation of external work
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8
Q

Metabolic rate is?

Consumption is?

Metabolic rates measured in calories/unit of time, or watts ( 1W = 1 J/sec)

Why is metabolic rate important?

What are 2 methods of measure MR?

A
  1. rate of energy consumption
  2. energy converted to external work and heat
    1. One of most important determinants of the amount of food needed
    2. Total heat production gives a quantitative measure of its physiological mechanisms
    3. Measures the drain the animal puts on the ecosystem
  4. Direct and indirect Calorimetry
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9
Q

Energy measurement

1Kcal=1 Calorie -or- Joule: 0.239 Cal

1000 calories = 1Kcal

What is a calorie?

A

energy to raise 1g H2O by 1°C, also = to 4.186J

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10
Q

What are the 2 ways to measure metabolic rate?

What is thermoneutral zone?

A
  1. Standard Metabolic Rate
    * Resting metabolic rate of an ectotherm at a particular temperature (cold blooded)
  2. Basal Metabolic Rate
    * Resting metabolic rate of an endotherm in the thermoneutral zone (warm blooded)
  3. A range of temperatures where the animal does not have to increase MR to maintain normal body temp
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11
Q

Direct Calorimetry: diectly measures the rate at which heat leaves the animal

Lavoisier’s method (picture)

If the animal moves_____, this energy is rapidly degraded to heat

A

Issues:

  • hard to surround an animal in ice
  • If all external energy is not converted to heat (it is stored), that energy must also be measured
  1. horizontally
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12
Q

Indirect calorimetry measures something other than the rate at which heat leaves the animal

1 way is respiratory gas exchange

  • If a mole of glucose (C6H12O6) is burned, 6 mol of O2 and 6 mol CO2 will be produced
  • Heat will also be released (heat of combustion, 2820 kJ/mol)
  • If you measure the amount of O2 consumed, or CO2 produced, you can calculate the amount of heat produced
  • Note that the amount of heat produced depends on the food consumed
A

If you know that an animal is only using glucose and it is consuming 10 ml of O2/min:

10 ml/min x 21.1J/ml=

211 J/min

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13
Q

Indirect Calorimetry another way to measure

Foodstuff is determined by indices of cellular function

  • Moles of CO2 produced per unit of time
  • Moles of O2 consumed per unit of time

Respiratory exchange ratio (R, respiratory organs) or respiratory quotient (RQ, cellular level)

1. If R=1, you have evidence that animal is metabolizing carbohydrates. why?

Representative conversion factors are often used (20.2J/ml O2

A
  1. Carbohydrates have a mole to mole ratio.
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14
Q

Indirect Calorimetry: another way

Material balance?

Widely used in agricultural production research

Subtract output from input

Complications: Growth (stored energy) or atrophy

Suited to long-term experiments

A

Measure organic material entering and leaving the body

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15
Q

Factors that Affect Metabolic Rate

Greatest factors? (more so ectoderms)

Other factors

  • Ingestion of food
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Time of day
  • Body size
  • Reproductive condition
  • Hormonal state
  • Psychological stress
  • Water salinity (marine)
A

Physical activity
Temperature

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16
Q

Factors that Affect Metabolic Rate

Specific dynamic action

  • Happens after absorption of nutrients
  • Protein processing results in a much higher SDA

Diet-induced thermogenesis

  • A long-term increase in metabolic rate following persistent overeating
A
17
Q

Factors that Affect Metabolic Rate

Body size

While a larger animal eats more than a smaller one, the ratio between the amount eaten and body size is much greater for the smaller animal

i.e. Energy needs are not proportional to body size

A

body weight goes up then metabolic rate goes up

18
Q

When do smaller mammals have higher/ faster metabolic rate?

whats the difference?

A
  1. Weight-specific metabolic rate
  2. it’s divided by the weight of the animal
19
Q

Log-log graphs are more useful. Why?

A
  • Can look a grater range of weights of animal
  • Easier to read.
20
Q

Why is metabolic rate important?

A
  • You can predict features of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
  • It can be used for the study of ecology

Animal Physiology Test 4 (4 decks)

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