Chapter 8 Flashcards
The weight of the building or component itself
Dead Load
The weight of snow, people, furnishings, machines, vehicles, and goods in or on a building
Live Load
A load on a building caused by wind pressure and/ or suction
Wind Load
Subsidence of the various foundation elements of a building at the same rate, resulting in no distress to the structure of the building
Uniform Settlement
Subsidence of the various foundation elements of a building at different rates
Differential Settlement
Earth material that is particulate
Soil
A continuous mass of solid mineral material, such as granite or limestone, which can only be removed by drilling and blasting
Rock
Consists of particles that can be lifted easily with thumb and forefinger
Gravel
Made up of individual particles that can be seen but are too small to be picked up individually
Sand
Particles that are approximately equidimensional and range in size from 0.002 to 0.00008 inch
Silt
Particles that are plate shaped rather than equidimensional and smaller than silt particles, less than 0.00008 inch
Clay
A soil, usually a clay, that expands greatly when wetted
Expansive Soil
Soil containing decayed vegetable and/ or animal matter; topsoil
Organic Soil
The ability of soil to retain its engineering properties during the lifetime of a building or other construction project
Soil Stability
These are important in predicting how water will flow on and under building sites and around building substructures
Soil Drainage Characteristics
The bearing capacity of soil
Allowable Soil Stress
The widened part of a foundation that spreads a load from the building across a broader area of soil
Footing
A durable element usually made of concrete, designed to spread the load of a column over an area of soil large enough to support the column over time
Column Footing
A long, narrow footing used to support a wall
Wall Footing (Strip Footing)
Soil in its natural state in the ground and not loosened or agitated in any way
Undisturbed Soil
The forcing upward of ground or buildings by the action of frost
Heaving
The depth in the earth to which the soil can be expected to freeze during a severe winter
Frost Line
Earth compacted into place in such a way that it has predictable physical properties, based on laboratory tests and specified, supervised installation procedures
Engineered Fill
Crushed stone or gravel that has been deposited and tamped in accordance with an engineer’s directions in order that it may have specified structural properties
Compact Gravel Fill
Concrete purposely formulated to have a very low nut known strength, used primarily as a backfill material
Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM)
These are cast in place on top of the poured concrete strip footings
Concrete Foundation Wall
A substance applied to concrete formwork to prevent concrete from adhering
Form-Release Compound
A steel or plastic rod with fasteners on each end, used to hold together the two surfaces of formwork for a concrete wall
Form Tie
A bolt embedded in concrete for the purpose of fastening a building frame to a concrete or masonry foundation
Anchor Bolt
A metal device that connects a building frame to its foundation in such a way that the frame cannot be lifted up by external forces such as wind or earthquake
Hold-Down
The wood strip bolted to the top of a foundation as a starting point for framing
Mudsill
A concrete surface lying upon, and supported directly by, the ground beneath
Slab On Grade
A grid of steel rods that are welded together, used to reinforce a concrete slab
Welded Wire Fabric
Short fibers of glass, steel, or polypropylene mixed into concrete to act as reinforcement against plastic shrinkage cracking
Fibrous Admixture
Insulating foam installed around the outside edges of a floor slab
Perimeter Insulation
An intentional, linear discontinuity in a structure or component, designed to form a plane of weakness where cracking can occur in response to various forces so as to minimize or eliminate cracking elsewhere in the structure
Control Joint
To strike off the surface of a concrete slab using screeds and a straight piece of lumber or metal
Strike Off (Straightedge)
A trowel with a slightly rough surface used in an intermediate stage of finishing a concrete slab; as a verb, to use a float for finishing concrete
Float
A thin, flat steel tool, either pointed or rectangular, provided with a handle and held in the hand, used to manipulate mastic, mortar, plaster, or concrete; also a machine whose rotating steel blades are used to finish concrete slabs
Trowel
A piece of wood or panel material on which a concrete finisher may stand or kneel in order to avoid footprints or kneeprints in an uncured concrete slab
Kneeboard
A concrete slab that has been strengthened after it was cured by stretching high-strength steel cables through tubes that were cast into it
Posttensioned Slab
A high-strength steel cable used to posttension cable
Tendon
A foundation made of preservative-treated wood and panels, together with a compacted crushed stone base and various waterproofing and drainage features
Permanent Wood Foundation (PWF)
Employ high strength (4000 to 5000 psi) concrete in efficient structural configurations to make full-height basement wall panels in length up to 12 feet
Precast Concrete Foundation
A very thick, highly porous plastic fabric through which water flowws readily
Drainage Matting
A coating applied to the outside face of a basement wall as a barrier to the passage pf water
Dampproofing
An impervious membrane applied to the outside of a foundation
Waterproofing
Codes in some cold climates permit polystyrene foam insulation boards to be used in a special configuration that allows the construction of footings above the normal frost line in the soil, resulting in lower excavation costs
Shallow Frost-Protected Foundation
