chapter 8 Flashcards
Disorders with depressed mood
Major depressive disorder Dysthymic disorder (Persistent Depressive Disorder)
Disorders with elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Bipolar I disorder, more severe
Bipolar II disorder, milder presentation of mania
Cyclothymic disorder, parallel to dysthymic
epidsodic
when you have it, you are not depressed everyday of your life, you have episodes of depression, cycles of normal and depressed mood.
Subjectively makes you feel worse
5 main areas of functioning that can be affected by depression and bipolar
cognitive behavioral physical motivational emotional
Major depressive episode
2+ weeks of 5 or more symptoms
unipolar depression criteria
- major depressive episode
2. no history of mania
dysthymic disorder
persistent depressive disorder
Depressed mood for most of the day, for at least 2 years
Symptoms similar to MDD (generally less severe)
During 2-year period, sxs not absent for >2 months at a time
No history of mania/hypomania
Significant distress/impairment
double depression
Major depressive disorder (criteria 1&2 met) along with dysthymic disorder (symptoms are mild but chronic)
Chronic mild depression but at some point throughout the year the depression is severe enough to be classified with MDD
diasthesis-stress model
Stress may be a trigger for depression
Experience a greater number of stressful life events in the month prior to symptom onset
predisposition (bio, psycho, or social) to a stressful event
brain and anatomy circuits linked to depression
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Brodmann Area 25
Hippocampus
biochemicals linked to depression
Cortisol levels tend to be elevated in a depressed person
Melatonin is also low- associated with seasonal affect disorder
neurotransmitters linked to depression
Serotonin (Indoleamine Theory)
Norepinephrine (Catecholamine Theory)
Not functioning optimally- they are suppressed
We think these are genetically mediated
4 cognitive components of negative thinking
maladaptive attitudes
cognitive triad
errors in thinking
automatic thoughts
what do people think about that causes them to become stressed?
They lack control over their lives
They are responsible for their helpless state
Seligmann and his research with dogs
people learn to become this way
manic episode
1+ week of abnormally & persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
3 or more symptoms
hypomanic episode
Same criteria as a manic episode, only lasting 4 days
Mood can be less severe, but needs to be different from your normal, non-depressed mood
criteria for bipolar disorder
Criterion 1: Manic episode
Criterion 2: History of mania
If currently experiencing hypomania or depression
bipolar 1 disorder
Full manic + major depressive episodes
learned helplessness
Internal attributions that are global and stable lead to greater feelings of helplessness and possibly depression
bipolar 2 disorder
Hypomanic episodes + major depressive episodes
cyclothymic disorder
Mild symptoms for 2+ years
diagnosing bipolar disorders
Recurrent without treatment
Can be rapid cycling=6
Can be seasonal
Typically more depressive episodes
prevalence of bipolar disorders
men=women
permissive theory- bipolar
Low serotonin + Low norepinephrine = Depression
Low serotonin + High norepinephrine = Mania
ion activity-bipolar
Ions may be improperly transported through the cells of individuals with Bipolar Disorder
This improper transport may cause neurons to fire too easily (mania) or to resist firing (depression)
There is some research support for this theory
heritability of bipolar
very high 40%
certain abnormalities in brain structure of bipolar people
Reduced basal ganglia size
Reduced cerebellum size
Structural abnormalities in other areas (e.g., dorsal raphe nucleus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex)
