Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What was the initial concern regarding caffeine in Coca-Cola?
A
Caffeine in Coca-Cola was deadly and led to immortalities
This raised the need for a defense in court.
2
Q
Who was approached to help prepare a defense for the Coca-Cola case?
A
Harry Hollingworth
Leta Setter assisted in this effort.
Cattell was asked but said no
3
Q
How many measurements were taken in the Coca-Cola study?
A
64,000 measurements
These included sensory, motor, and mental skills with different doses of Coca-Cola.
4
Q
What significant shift occurred in American psychology by 1900?
A
- 25% of research articles published were applied psychology (Less than 3% involved introspection)
- Structuralism evolved into functionalism (Focus is no longer on what the mind is but what it does)
- Applied Psychology (took work into real world)
5
Q
Growth in American Psychology
A
- 0 to 41 labs, better equipped than Germany
- 1880 0 psyc unis, by 1900 40 doctoral programs in US
- 1880 no American psyc journals and by 1885, there was 3
6
Q
What was the impact of the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893 on psychology?
A
Psychology was put on display with research instruments and a demonstration testing laboratory.
7
Q
What did James McKeen Cattell say about the academic growth of psychology in America in 1895?
A
Psychology is a required subject in the undergraduate curriculum.
8
Q
Economic Influences
A
- Job opportunities in academia are quickly being filled (most popular), new Ph.D. graduates forced to look beyond university employment
- Hollingworth shows that psychology can be applied to advertising and has mass appeal (i.e., Coca-Cola)
- Hollingworth and Wrigley’s chewing gum- found it relaxed people
- Need for psychologists to enter other industries to escape poverty
- G. Stanley Hall: proposes psychology needs to make its influence felt outside of the university
9
Q
List the applied fields of psychology identified in the text.
A
- Education
- Big business/Industry
- Psychological testing
- Criminal Justice
- Mental health clinics
10
Q
Mental Testing
What approach? What measure?
A
- Started with Galton but focused on physical sensations and how it related to intelligence
- Best represented by James M. Cattell
- Promoted a practical, test-oriented approach to the study of mental processes
- Cattell first person to say that we need to develop some measure to test IQ
- Concerned with human abilities rather than the content of consciousness
- Closer to being a functionalist
- Suggested to get things out of the lab, more real-world application
11
Q
J. Cattell Studying with Galton
A
- Galton inspired him to use statistics to examine data
- Cattell became first American psychologist to stress quantification, ranking and ratings
- Cattell developed order-of-merit ranking method
- Cattell was already interested in individual differences, but this was solidified
- Explains why focus was on studies of large groups of subjects (statistical comparisons could be made), rather than individual subjects (like Wundt did)
- Also became interested in Galton’s Eugenics
12
Q
Cattell Mental Tests
A
- Like Galton, Cattell was interested in mental testing
- Used mental tests of motor skills and sensory capacities (unlike intelligence tests)
- e.g., elementary sensorimotor abilities like skin sensitivity, time for colour naming, reaction time, etc.
- Collected data over several years
13
Q
What did Cattell find regarding the correlation between test scores and academic performance?
A
- Found low correlations between test scores and academic performance
- Blowing into a tube (vital capacity) thought to be linked to intelligence
14
Q
Cattell’s Influence on Psychology
A
- Known as a strong organizer and administrator of psychology as a science (most important)
- Promoted practical application of the field
- Formation of the AAUP
- Created the ‘order-of-merit’ method to rank items by average ratings
- Was a strong advocate for measuring individual differences and applied psychology
15
Q
Alfred Binet
A
- Claimed to manipulate the sensations of a hypnotized patient with magnets (later realized it was due to suggestion)
- Initially used Galton and Cattell’s tests (decided tests were not valid)
- Started to evaluate difference ages of children (difference between 4- and 5-year-olds)
- 1904, teamed up with a psychiatrist named Theodore Simon, to work for the French ministry of public instruction
- Appointed to investigate intellectual tasks that children could master
- From this, they constructed their intelligence test with 30 problems
- Three years later they expanded the test
16
Q
What was the significance of the Binet-Simon Scale?
A
First attempt of a test to evaluate IQ.
17
Q
What cognitive functions did the original 1905 Binet-Simon Scale focus on?
A
- Judgement
- Comprehension
- Reasoning
Also suggested that inheritance was important, but every person could grow intellectually
18
Q
What did Binet emphasize regarding children’s learning environments?
A
Attention and stimulation required in the classroom.
19
Q
Mental Age
A
- The age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks
- Binet coined the phrase and developed several tests to measure mental age
20
Q
What is the formula for calculating Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
A
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
21
Q
1908 Binet-Simon Scale (Revised)
A
- Revised their original scale, now included 58 tests
- Wanted to distinguish levels of intelligence in all children
o Previous scale separated only ‘normal’ from ‘intellectually disabled’
o Made more of a continuum - Goal was to determine level of function
o e.g., Is 6-year-old meeting expected milestones for that age group?
22
Q
1911 Binet-Simon Scale (Further Revisions)
A
- The most refined scale they created
- Included normative data, and had five tests per age level
- The new test allowed for ‘partial’ years to be added into the intelligence equation
o e.g., A child who is 3.5 may be performing at the level of a 4 year on some tests - Binet also emphasized not labelling children given the wide developmental trajectory
23
Q
Binet’s Contributions to Psychology
A
- Died in 1911 at age 54 (never saw outcomes of his work)
- First true (valid) tests of intelligence
- Shown a light on intellectual potential and stimulation (not just inheritance)
- Emphasized that attention and stimulation required in the classroom (the environment must be a certain way for learning)
o To learn you must attend and to attend you must be comfortable
24
Q
Lewis Terman
A
- Gave the members of his family a phrenology test when he was a child
- Studied under Hall at Clark University
- Had different interests than Hall, resulting in Edmund C. Sanford supervising his dissertation instead
- 1906 joined UCLA
- 1910 joined Stanford University
- 1922 chair of psychology department
- 1923 APA president
25
IQ
- Terman invented a test of the IQ
- Number denoting a person’s intelligence
- Originally developed by German psychologist William Stern, but popularized by Terman after his test was released
26
Stanford-Binet Test
- Terman examined the performance of the Binet-Simon test in America
- Results not consistent across age groups
o e.g., questions were too easy for younger children and too hard for older children
- Terman and a graduate student modified it
o Deleted items and added others
o Average score now 100 (regardless of age)
o Used IQ as the outcome of scoring
- Not good for administering many tests quickly (led to Army Alpha & Beta)
27
What was Terman's view on inheritance?
- Intelligence is largely inherited
- In line with Galton, but not Binet
- A link between intelligence and morality
o e.g., known to say, “criminals are people with low IQs” (this is obviously not true)
- Thought that society had to adjust for large differences in IQ
o e.g., Need to ensure that the large number of people with low IQ can make the most of their ability
o However, he would refer to them as a liability…
28
'Terman's Termites'
- Study of Genius
- Longitudinal study
- Over 1,500 children with IQs 135 or higher
- Average IQ of 151 (upper 1% of population)
- Study gifted children and their development into adulthood
- “Early ripe, early rot”, developing too quickly would mean “less” in adulthood (too much emphasis on having a smart child, won’t have anything in adulthood)
29
Results of Terman's Termites
- 70% of men, 67% of women finished university
- 56% men, 33% of women had a graduate or professional degree
- Many professions: doctors, lawyers, scientists, actors, business
- Gifted children grow into gifted adults
- Multi-factorial design (looking at many other factors along with IQ)
30
What was the Army Alpha test used for during WWI?
A verbal test to assess recruits' ability to follow directions.
## Footnote
Robert Yerkes developed test
31
What was the purpose of the Army Beta test?
For non-English-speaking or illiterate individuals to assess their ability to follow directions.
32
Henry Goddard
- Attended Haverford College, then entered the doctoral program at Clark under Hall
- He translated the Binet-Simon test
- Also an advocate of inheritance in intelligence
33
What was a significant issue identified in Goddard's testing of immigrants at Ellis Island?
Horrible testing conditions and unreliable translators.
## Footnote
The “mentally defective” were deported (this was as high as 40 to 50%, this is high)
34
Cultural Bias
- Early IQ testing showed African Americans and other minorities had lowers IQs
- Some thought this meant that these groups were inherently less intelligent
- However, later evidence showed that IQ differences are environmental, not biological
- Differences also due to some biases in earlier tests
35
What did Horace Mann Bond argue regarding IQ score differences?
- Differences were due to environmental factors, not biological nor inherited
- Argued that IQ score differences between Blacks and Whites due to the environment (rather than inherited)
- He found that Blacks in northern states had higher IQs than Whites in southern states.
36
What did early IQ testing suggest about African Americans and other minorities?
Showed lower IQs compared to whites
## Footnote
Early interpretations suggested inherent intelligence differences, which were later challenged.
37
What is the main argument of the book 'The Bell Curve'?
Blacks are inferior in intelligence to whites based on test scores
## Footnote
This claim has been contested by evidence showing improved test biases.
38
Who developed the Draw-A-Man Test?
Florence L. Goodenough
## Footnote
This test assesses non-verbal intelligence in children.
39
What is the Terman-Merrill test?
1937 revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
## Footnote
Co-authored by Maude Merrill James and Lewis Terman.
40
What test battery did Thelma Thurstone help develop?
Primary mental abilities test battery
## Footnote
This group of intelligence tests was significant in psychological assessment.
41
What significant achievement is Psyche Cattell known for?
Developed the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale
## Footnote
This scale could assess children as young as 3 months.
42
Anne Anastasi
- A well-known authority on psychological testing
- Served as an APA president
- Most prominent female psychologist in the English-speaking world
43
What did Lightner Witmer establish in psychology?
Created Clinical Psychology
## Footnote
He founded the first psychology clinic at UPenn.
44
What was the focus of Witmer's clinics for child evaluation?
Assessing and treating learning and behavioral problems
## Footnote
He emphasized the importance of environmental factors in child development.
45
What contributed to the growth of clinical psychology after Witmer's time?
Freud's popularity and WWII psychological issues
46
What did the Hawthorne Studies reveal about the workplace?
Social and psychological aspects were more important than physical conditions
## Footnote
Participants appreciated being interviewed, highlighting the importance of attention.
47
Who was Walter Dill Scott?
A pioneer in Industrial-Organizational Psychology
## Footnote
He applied psychology to personnel selection and management.
48
What did W. D. Scott argue about consumer behavior?
Consumers are often irrational and easily influenced
## Footnote
He suggested using direct commands in advertising.
49
What was Lillian Gilbreth known for in her career?
Promoted time-and-motion analysis for job efficiency
## Footnote
She was the first woman to earn a PhD in IO psychology.
50
What controversial actions is Hugo Münsterberg known for?
Administering psychological tests in a criminal trial and taking money from the alcohol industry
## Footnote
His support of Germany during WWI led to professional ostracism.
51
What did Münsterberg contribute to forensic psychology?
Applied psychology to law enforcement and studied crime prevention
## Footnote
He questioned the reliability of eyewitness testimony.
52
What was the main idea in Münsterberg's book 'Psychotherapy'?
Mental illness is a behavioral maladjustment problem
## Footnote
He claimed there is no subconscious, which was controversial.
53
What areas did Münsterberg apply psychology to?
* Vocational guidance
* Advertising
* Personnel management
* Mental testing
* Employee motivation
* Effects of fatigue and monotony on job performance
## Footnote
His work laid the foundation for industrial psychology.
54
What factors influenced the rise of applied psychology in the U.S.?
* Darwin’s notion of adaptation and function
* Galton’s measurement of individual differences
* American focus on practical and useful
* Shift in academic research towards function
* Economic and social factors and war
