Chapter 8

Question 1

What is absentmindedness?

Answer 1

Lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else.

Question 2

What is acoustic encoding?

Answer 2

Input of sounds, words, and music.

Question 3

What is amnesia?

Answer 3

Loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma.

Question 4

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 4

Loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma.

Question 5

What is arousal theory?

Answer 5

Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories.

Question 6

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Answer 6

Memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 7

What is automatic processing?

Answer 7

Encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.

Question 8

What is bias in memory?

Answer 8

How feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events.

Question 9

What is blocking?

Answer 9

Memory error in which you cannot access stored information.

Question 10

What is chunking?

Answer 10

Organizing information into manageable bits or chunks.

Question 11

What is construction in memory?

Answer 11

Formulation of new memories.

Question 12

What is declarative memory?

Answer 12

Type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience.

Question 13

What is effortful processing?

Answer 13

Encoding of information that takes effort and attention.

Question 14

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 14

Thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory.

Question 15

What is encoding?

Answer 15

Input of information into the memory system.

Question 16

What is an engram?

Answer 16

Physical trace of memory.

Question 17

What is episodic memory?

Answer 17

Type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory.

Question 18

What is the equipotentiality hypothesis?

Answer 18

Some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories.

Question 19

What is explicit memory?

Answer 19

Memories we consciously try to remember and recall.

Question 20

What is false memory syndrome?

Answer 20

Recall of false autobiographical memories.

Question 21

What is flashbulb memory?

Answer 21

Exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

Question 22

What is forgetting?

Answer 22

Loss of information from long-term memory.

Question 23

What is implicit memory?

Answer 23

Memories that are not part of our consciousness.

Question 24

What are levels of processing?

Answer 24

Information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory.

Question 25

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

Answer 25

Continuous storage of information.

Question 26

What is memory?

Answer 26

Set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.

Question 27

What is a memory-enhancing strategy?

Answer 27

Technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 28

What is misattribution?

Answer 28

Memory error in which you confuse the source of your information.

Question 29

What is the misinformation effect paradigm?

Answer 29

After exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event.

Question 30

What is a mnemonic device?

Answer 30

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding.

Question 31

What is persistence in memory?

Answer 31

Failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones.

Question 32

What is proactive interference?

Answer 32

Old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.

Question 33

What is procedural memory?

Answer 33

Type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim.

Question 34

What is recall?

Answer 34

Accessing information without cues.

Question 35

What is recognition?

Answer 35

Identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue.

Question 36

What is reconstruction in memory?

Answer 36

Process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information.

Question 37

What is rehearsal?

Answer 37

Repetition of information to be remembered.

Question 38

What is relearning?

Answer 38

Learning information that was previously learned.

Question 39

What is retrieval?

Answer 39

Act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness.

Question 40

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 40

Information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

Question 41

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 41

Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma.

Question 42

What is the self-reference effect?

Answer 42

Tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance.

Question 43

What is semantic encoding?

Answer 43

Input of words and their meaning.

Question 44

What is semantic memory?

Answer 44

Type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts.

Question 45

What is sensory memory?

Answer 45

Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes.

Question 46

What is short-term memory (STM)?

Answer 46

Holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used.

Question 47

What is storage in memory?

Answer 47

Creation of a permanent record of information.

Question 48

What is suggestibility?

Answer 48

Effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

Question 49

What is transience?

Answer 49

Memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time.

Question 50

What is visual encoding?

Answer 50

Input of images.