Chapter 7

Question 1

What is cognition?

Answer 1

The mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge.

Question 2

What is a concept?

Answer 2

Categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories.

Question 3

What is the difference between natural and artificial concepts?

Answer 3

Natural concepts are developed through experience, while artificial concepts have a specific set of characteristics.

Question 4

What is a prototype?

Answer 4

The best example or representation of a concept.

Question 5

What is a schema?

Answer 5

A mental construct consisting of a cluster of related concepts.

Question 6

What is a role schema?

Answer 6

Assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave.

Question 7

What is an event schema (cognitive script)?

Answer 7

A set of behaviors that can feel like a routine.

Question 8

What is language?

Answer 8

A communication system that uses words and rules to organize information.

Question 9

What is a lexicon?

Answer 9

The vocabulary of a language.

Question 10

What is grammar?

Answer 10

The rules used to convey meaning in language.

Question 11

What is a phoneme?

Answer 11

The smallest sound unit in a language.

Question 12

What is a morpheme?

Answer 12

The smallest unit of language that conveys meaning.

Question 13

What is semantics?

Answer 13

The process of deriving meaning from morphemes and words.

Question 14

What is syntax?

Answer 14

The way words are organized into sentences.

Question 15

What is the critical period in language development?

Answer 15

A time when a child is most receptive to acquiring language.

Question 16

What is an algorithm?

Answer 16

A step-by-step problem-solving formula.

Question 17

What is a heuristic?

Answer 17

A general problem-solving framework or mental shortcut.

Question 18

What is trial and error?

Answer 18

Trying different solutions until one works.

Question 19

What is a mental set?

Answer 19

Continuing to use past problem-solving methods even when they don’t work.

Question 20

What is functional fixedness?

Answer 20

The inability to see an object being used for something other than its intended purpose.

Question 21

What is anchoring bias?

Answer 21

Focusing on one piece of information when making a decision.

Question 22

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 22

Focusing only on information that confirms existing beliefs.

Question 23

What is hindsight bias?

Answer 23

Believing a past event was predictable after it already happened.

Question 24

What is representative bias?

Answer 24

Stereotyping someone or something based on existing beliefs.

Question 25

What is the availability heuristic?

Answer 25

Making a decision based on readily available information.

Question 26

What is intelligence?

Answer 26

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.

Question 27

What are the three types of intelligence in Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?

Answer 27

Practical intelligence (street smarts), analytical intelligence (problem-solving), and creative intelligence (innovation).

Question 28

What is Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory?

Answer 28

The idea that intelligence is divided into different types, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

Question 29

What is creativity?

Answer 29

The ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas and solutions.

Question 30

What is divergent thinking?

Answer 30

Thinking 'outside the box' to find multiple possible solutions.

Question 31

What is convergent thinking?

Answer 31

Finding the single best or correct answer to a problem.

Question 32

Who developed the first practical intelligence test?

Answer 32

Alfred Binet.

Question 33

What is standardization?

Answer 33

Ensuring that administration, scoring, and interpretation of a test is consistent.

Question 34

What is norming?

Answer 34

Comparing test results across different population groups.

Question 35

What is the Flynn effect?

Answer 35

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last.