Chapter 8 Flashcards
applied psychology
The application of psychological knowledge and research methods to solve
What did neurologists do?
They where physicians who treated milder forms of mental problems outside the asylums using communication, hypnosis and suggestion
What where the tasks of psychologists before World War I
administering psychological tests; there were a few university related centers
Client-centered therapy
Psychological treatment founded by Carl Rogers in which clients search for solutions to their problems by talking them through with a listening, understanding and supporting therapist.
What where the characteristics of a good counsellor?
1: unconditional positive regard
2: empathic understanding
3: congruence; genuine support and understanding, not just the implementation of a therapeutic technique
After WWII the position of psychologists in the treatment was further strengthened, why? (4)
- the antipsychiatry movement
- scientific research on the efficacy of psychotherapies
- psychiatrists became more involved with the prescription of psychoactive drugs
- the increase of social management and individualisation
Authenticity test
test to determine wheter a person is who they pretend to be and to ascertain guilt or innocence
Qualifying test
test to find the best person for a task
diagnostic test
test to determine which condition a person has
Achievement test
standardises test which measures the knowledge of a particular topic or set of topics
Personality test
test to measure relatively stable and distinctive patterns of behavior that characterise individuals and their reactions to the environment
Personality trait
basic dimension used to describe differences in personality between people; is often bipolar with opposites at the extremes
face validity
estimating the validity of a test by estimating to what extend the items of the test agree with one’s own social beliefs; this is not evidence based
social desirability
bias people have to pretend themselves in a matter they think will be viewed favourably by others
implicit personality theory
mixture of stereotype and individuating information about the associations of personal characteristics that people use to make predictions about how others will behave in social relations
Industrial psychology
first theory about how work should be organised; strongly influenced by Taylors scientific management; employees were the hands of the company that would accept any work if remunerated enough; tasks had to be made simple so that everyone could do them without much practice
Human relations movement
second main theory of how work should be organised; stressed the humanity
human resource management
Third main theory of how work should be organised; stressed the desire for self-actualisation in employees; employees will perform best if given autonomy and authority
pseudohistory of science
text that looks like history of science, but that contains systematic errors because of the desire to present the research as more impressive and important than it was and to depict the scientist as a genius who has to battle against the lack of understanding and appriciation by the peer
Why are some conclusions of the Hawthorne studies have been perputuated in textbooks? (4)
- Writers do not read the original sources (certainly if these are difficult to obtain)
- the story is too good not to be true
- the basic message of the human relations movement was correct
- the story strengthened the positions of psychologists and managers
