Chapter 8

Question 1

applied psychology

Answer 1

The application of psychological knowledge and research methods to solve

Question 2

What did neurologists do?

Answer 2

They where physicians who treated milder forms of mental problems outside the asylums using communication, hypnosis and suggestion

Question 3

What where the tasks of psychologists before World War I

Answer 3

administering psychological tests; there were a few university related centers

Question 4

Client-centered therapy

Answer 4

Psychological treatment founded by Carl Rogers in which clients search for solutions to their problems by talking them through with a listening, understanding and supporting therapist.

Question 5

What where the characteristics of a good counsellor?

Answer 5

1: unconditional positive regard
2: empathic understanding
3: congruence; genuine support and understanding, not just the implementation of a therapeutic technique

Question 6

After WWII the position of psychologists in the treatment was further strengthened, why? (4)

Answer 6

• the antipsychiatry movement
• scientific research on the efficacy of psychotherapies
• psychiatrists became more involved with the prescription of psychoactive drugs
• the increase of social management and individualisation

Question 7

Authenticity test

Answer 7

test to determine wheter a person is who they pretend to be and to ascertain guilt or innocence

Question 8

Qualifying test

Answer 8

test to find the best person for a task

Question 9

diagnostic test

Answer 9

test to determine which condition a person has

Question 10

Achievement test

Answer 10

standardises test which measures the knowledge of a particular topic or set of topics

Question 11

Personality test

Answer 11

test to measure relatively stable and distinctive patterns of behavior that characterise individuals and their reactions to the environment

Question 12

Personality trait

Answer 12

basic dimension used to describe differences in personality between people; is often bipolar with opposites at the extremes

Question 13

face validity

Answer 13

estimating the validity of a test by estimating to what extend the items of the test agree with one’s own social beliefs; this is not evidence based

Question 14

social desirability

Answer 14

bias people have to pretend themselves in a matter they think will be viewed favourably by others

Question 15

implicit personality theory

Answer 15

mixture of stereotype and individuating information about the associations of personal characteristics that people use to make predictions about how others will behave in social relations

Question 16

Industrial psychology

Answer 16

first theory about how work should be organised; strongly influenced by Taylors scientific management; employees were the hands of the company that would accept any work if remunerated enough; tasks had to be made simple so that everyone could do them without much practice

Question 17

Human relations movement

Answer 17

second main theory of how work should be organised; stressed the humanity

Question 18

human resource management

Answer 18

Third main theory of how work should be organised; stressed the desire for self-actualisation in employees; employees will perform best if given autonomy and authority

Question 19

pseudohistory of science

Answer 19

text that looks like history of science, but that contains systematic errors because of the desire to present the research as more impressive and important than it was and to depict the scientist as a genius who has to battle against the lack of understanding and appriciation by the peer

Question 20

Why are some conclusions of the Hawthorne studies have been perputuated in textbooks? (4)

Answer 20

1. Writers do not read the original sources (certainly if these are difficult to obtain)
2. the story is too good not to be true
3. the basic message of the human relations movement was correct
4. the story strengthened the positions of psychologists and managers