Chapter 8 Flashcards
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
1: Physical needs
2: Safety and Security needs
3: Need for love
4: Need for self-esteem
5: Need for self-actualization
Human beings have the following basic physical needs:
*Food and water
*Protection and shelter
*Activity
*Sleep and rest
*Comfort, freedom from pain
Psychosocial needs:
are needs that involve –
*social interaction
*emotions
*intellect
*spirituality
Human beings have the following psychosocial needs:
*Love and affection
*Acceptance by others
*Safety and security
*Self-reliance and independence in daily living
*Contact with other people
*Success and self-esteem
When psychosocial needs are not met, people may experience the following:
*Frustration
*Fear
*Anxiety
*Anger
*Withdrawal
*Depression
Holistic care:
a type of care that involves caring for the whole person—the mind as well as the body and spirit.
Residents in a long-term care facility may be experiencing any or all these losses:
*Loss of spouse, family, or friends
*Loss of workplace
*Loss of ability to go to favorite places
*Loss of ability to attend services at faith communities
*Loss of home, and possessions
*Loss of health and ability to care for themselves
*Loss of pets
*LGBTQ residents may fear the loss of a comfortable and accepting environment
Loss of independence may cause the following difficulties for residents:
*Poor self-image
*Anger
*Feelings of helplessness, sadness, and hopelessness
*Feelings of uselessness
*Increased dependence
*Depression
NAs can assist residents by promoting independence in these ways:
*Encourage residents to do as much as possible for themselves, no matter how long it takes.
*Be patient.
*Allow residents to make choices.
Terms associated with Human Sexuality:
*masturbation- to touch or rub sexual organs in order to give oneself or another person sexual pleasure.
*gender identity-a deeply felt sense of one’s gender.
*cisgender- a person whose gender identity matches his or her birth sex (sex assigned at birth due to anatomy).
*transgender-a person whose gender identity conflicts with his or her birth sex (sex assigned at birth due to anatomy).
*transition – sexual reassignment-the process of changing genders, which can include legal procedures, medical measures, telling others, and using new pronouns.
*cross-dresser-often is a heterosexual man who sometimes wears clothing and other items associated with women.
*sexual orientation-a person’s physical, emotional, and/or romantic attraction to another person.
*gay-a person whose physical, emotional, and/or romantic attraction is for people of the same sex.
*lesbian-a woman whose physical, emotional, and/or romantic attraction is for other women.
*queer-a term used by some people, who may feel that terms such as lesbian and gay are too limiting, to describe sexual orientation that is not exclusively heterosexual.
*bisexual, bi-a person who is sexually attracted to both men and women.
*LGBT/LGBTQ-acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer.
*coming out-a continual process of revealing one’s sexual orientation or gender identity to others.
*heterosexual-a person whose physical, emotional, and/or romantic attraction is for people of the opposite sex; also known as straight.
Respecting residents’ sexual needs:
*NAs must respect residents’ sexual needs and identities.
*People continue to have sexual needs throughout their lives. Sexual desire may not be lessened by a disability, although the ability to meet sexual needs may be limited.
*Residents are allowed to meet their sexual needs however they choose.
*Always knock and wait for a response before entering residents’ rooms.
*Provide privacy if you encounter a sexual situation between consenting adults.
*Be open and nonjudgmental.
*Ask transgender residents which pronouns they would like you to use and use them. Always use a transgender person’s chosen name.
*Honor “Do Not Disturb” signs.
*Do not treat any expression of sexuality as disgusting or cute.
*If you see sexual abuse happening, remove the resident from the situation and report to the nurse immediately.
Myths about Older Adults and Sexuality:
*Older men are not capable of having sexual relations.
*After menopause, older women are not interested in sexual relations.
*Any expression of sexuality by older people is either disgusting or cute.
Nursing assistants should never:
*Try to change someone’s religion
*Tell residents their belief or religion is wrong
*Express judgments about a religious group
*Insist that residents join religious activities
*Interfere with religious practices
Terms associated with spiritual beliefs or practices:
Reincarnation: a belief that some part of a living being survives death to be reborn in a new body.
Karma: the belief that all past and present deeds affect one’s future and future lives.
Yarmulke: a small skullcap worn by Jewish men as a sign of their faith.
Reincarnation:
a belief that some part of a living being survives death to be reborn in a new body.
Karma:
the belief that all past and present deeds affect one’s future and future lives.
Yarmulke:
a small skullcap worn by Jewish men as a sign of their faith.
Masturbation-
to touch or rub sexual organs in order to give oneself or another person sexual pleasure.
Gender identity-
a deeply felt sense of one’s gender.
Cisgender
a person whose gender identity matches his or her birth sex (sex assigned at birth due to anatomy).
Transgender
a person whose gender identity conflicts with his or her birth sex (sex assigned at birth due to anatomy).
Transition
sexual reassignment-the process of changing genders, which can include legal procedures, medical measures, telling others, and using new pronouns.
Cross-dresser
often is a heterosexual man who sometimes wears clothing and other items associated with women.
Sexual orientation
a person’s physical, emotional, and/or romantic attraction to another person.
Gay
a person whose physical, emotional, and/or romantic attraction is for people of the same sex.
Lesbian
a woman whose physical, emotional, and/or romantic attraction is for other women.
Queer
a term used by some people, who may feel that terms such as lesbian and gay are too limiting, to describe sexual orientation that is not exclusively heterosexual.
Bisexual, bi
a person who is sexually attracted to both men and women.
LGBT/LGBTQ
acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer.
Coming out
a continual process of revealing one’s sexual orientation or gender identity to others.
Heterosexual
a person whose physical, emotional, and/or romantic attraction is for people of the opposite sex; also known as straight.
Dietary restrictions:
rules about what and when individuals can eat
Fasting:
not eating food or eating very little food.
Vegetarians:
people who do not eat meat, fish, or poultry and may or may not eat eggs and dairy products.
Vegans:
vegetarians who do not eat any animal products, including milk, cheese, other dairy items, or eggs; vegans may also choose to not use or wear any animal products.
Agnostics:
people who believe that they do not know or cannot know if God exists.
Atheists:
people who believe that there is no God.
Common religions and belief systems:
*Buddhism
*Christianity
*Hinduism
*Islam
*Judaism
*Spirituality
*Native American spiritual traditions
The Need for Activity: The following are positive effects of physical activity:
*Lessens risk of illnesses
*Relieves symptoms of anxiety and depression
*Improves mood and concentration
*Improves body function
*Lowers risk of falls
*Improves sleep
*Improves ability to cope with stress
*Increases energy
*Increases appetite
Inactivity may cause the following problems:
*Loss of self-esteem
*Depression
*Anxiety
*Pneumonia
*Urinary tract infections
*Skin breakdown and pressure injuries
*Constipation
*Blood clots
*Dulling of senses
Involvement with the residents’ families: NAs may encounter from any of the following family types:
*Nuclear families
*Single-parent families
*Married or committed couples of the same sex or opposite sex
*Extended families
*Blended families
Residents’ families may perform these functions:
*Helping to make care decisions
*Communicating with care team
*Giving support and encouragement
*Connecting to outside world
*Offering assurance to dying residents
Families can be experiencing these adjustments:
*Accepting the resident’s illness/disability and its consequences
*Finding money to pay for hospitalization, long-term care, or home care
*Dealing with paperwork
*Taking care of tasks residents cannot handle
*Understanding medical information and making care decisions
*Caring for children while also caring for an elderly loved one
NAs should respond to residents and families in theses ways:
*Listen
*Offer support and encouragement
*Refer the problem to a social worker or your supervisor
*Try not to judge them, since they are stressed
Adolescent years (ages 13 - 19):
*Marked by onset of puberty (age range is approximate)
*Secondary sex characteristics appear
*Concern for body and peer acceptance
*Changing moods
Common disorders of the adolescent stage:
*Eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia)
*STIs
*Pregnancy
*Depression
*Trauma due to auto accidents or sports injuries
Young adulthood (ages 19 - 40)
Developmental Issues:
*Select an education
*Select a career
*Select and live with a mate
*Raise children
*Develop a satisfying sex life
Middle adulthood (ages 40 - 65):
Developmental Issues:
*More comfortable and stable
*May have “mid-life crisis”
*Physical changes related to aging occur
*Women experience menopause
Late adulthood (65 years and older):
Developmental Issues:
Common disorders:
*Many physical and psychosocial changes
*Loss of physical health
*Loss of friends and jobs
Common disorders:
*Arthritis
*Alzheimer’s disease
*Cancer
*Diabetes
*Stroke
Geriatrics:
the study of health, wellness, and disease later in life.
Gerontology:
the study of the aging process in people from mid-life through old age.
Ageism:
prejudice toward, stereotyping of, and/or discrimination against older persons or the elderly.
Facts about aging:
*Older adults have many different capabilities.
*Stereotypes are false.
*Older persons are usually active.
*Aging is a normal process, not a disease.
*Aging persons need to adjust to change.
*Normal changes of aging do not mean an older person must become dependent, ill, or inactive.
Normal changes of aging:
*Thinner, drier, more fragile, and less elastic skin
*Weaker muscles
*Bones become more brittle and lose density
*Decreased sensitivity of nerve endings in skin
*Slower responses and reflexes
*Short-term memory loss
*Changes in senses
Less efficient heart
*Decreased oxygen in blood
*Urinary elimination more frequent
*Decreased appetite
*Digestion takes longer
*Hormone levels decrease
*Weakened immunity
*Change in lifestyle
Abnormal changes of aging:
*Signs of depression
*Suicidal thoughts
*Loss of ability to think logically
*Poor nutrition
*Shortness of breath
*Incontinence
Developmental disabilities:
Types:
def: disabilities that are present at birth or emerge during childhood that restrict physical or mental ability, generally prior to the age of 22.
Types:
*Intellectual disabilities
*Down syndrome
*Cerebral palsy
*Spina bifida
*Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
