chapter 8

Question 1

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Answer 1

sex: biological construct based on external genitalia, chromosomes, and internal reproductive organs

gender: social construct taught and continually created through interactions with others

Question 2

What is meant by cisgender? Transgender? Intersex?

Answer 2

cisgender: gender identity aligns with assigned sex

transgender: gender identity doesn’t align with assigned sex

intersex: ambiguous biological sex

Question 3

How is gender identity different from sexual identity?

Answer 3

gender identity: internal sense of gender; extent to which one identifies as being masculine, feminine, both, or neither

sexual identity: romantic and/or sexual behavior and sexual category you identify with

Question 4

What are sexual scripts?

Answer 4

learned guidelines (social norms) for sexual expression, behaviors, and desires in a culture

Question 5

Approximately what percentage of US adults identify as LGBT?

Answer 5

7.2%

Question 6

How does functional theory view gender?

Answer 6

traditional gender roles are the “ideal” arrangement

Question 7

How does conflict theory view gender?

Answer 7

Social institutions influence our lives through unequal distribution of resources by gender

Question 8

What is meant by “doing gender?”

Answer 8

gender is not a fixed identity; it is a product of social interaction

Question 9

How are we socialized into our gender roles? When does this begin? Who or what contributes to this socialization?

Answer 9

-begins before we’re born

-continues with parents, family, peers, schools, media, etc.

Question 10

What traits (behavioral and physical) are commonly associated with masculinity?

Answer 10

-machismo + provider roles

-“potent sexuality” and “affinity for violence”

-ambition, confidence, competence, and strength

Question 11

What are some of the consequences of this view of how men should be?

Answer 11

seen as weak or gay

Question 12

What traits (behavioral and physical) are commonly associated with femininity?

Answer 12

-“Effortless perfection”= Contemporary femininity

-Having a certain body type, job, education, family,

-“perfect life” but making it look effortless

Question 13

What is effortless perfection?

Answer 13

contemporary femininity

Question 14

What is meant by the second shift?

Answer 14

childcare and housework

Question 15

What is occupational sex segregation? What are some consequences of this?

Answer 15

concentration of women and men in different types of occupations

Question 16

What are some of the reasons the gender wage gap exists?

Answer 16

-women leave workforce to have children, docked for lack of experience

-men may have better negotiating skills

-gender discrimination

Question 17

What is meant by the motherhood penalty? The fatherhood bonus?

Answer 17

-mothers penalized on perceived competence and starting salary

-men benefitted from being a parent

Question 18

What is the glass ceiling? Glass walls? Glass escalator?

Answer 18

glass ceiling: prevents upward mobility

glass walls: prevent lateral mobility

glass elevator: men in “female dominated” positions often get promoted faster and/or paid more