chapter 8 Flashcards
mental representation
an internal mental symbol
concept
mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli
prototype
a best example or average member of a concept
representative heuristic
a mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of something
availability heuristic
a mental shortcut for deciding how frequent or probable something is
affect heuristic
a mental shortcut for making judgements and decisions that involves relying on affect
framing
the particular way that an issue, decision, or set of options is described
- changes decisions-makers’ reference point
- norms matter
phonemes
speech sounds
morphemes
the smallest unit of meaning
grammar
rules that govern the way that language parts are put together
- syntax: arrangement of words into sentences
- morphology: use of markers to indicate meaning
pragmatics
rules of usage
linguistic determination
language shapes how we think and how we see the world
language development
infants prefer mothers voice and native language
infants can distinguish between all human phonemes, although this ability dissipates by 10-12 months of age
nativist
noam Chomsky, innate specialized learning mechanism: language acquisition device
general cognitive ability
general perceptual and learning processes statistical learning
development of cognitive abilities (memory, attention, serial processing)
cooing
a stage of infants’ prelinguistic speech development and consists of the production of single syllable, vowel-like sounds
babbling
a stage of early language development in infants that involves making non-cry vocalizations that are repetitive and consonant-vowel based
holophrases
a single word or short phrase that conveys a complete idea or sentiment
over regularization
a language development process where children apply grammatical rules to irregular words
overextension errors
a common language error in which a child uses a word to describe a wider range of objects or concepts than is accurate
sensitive periods
a time during development when a person is more likely to be affected by environmental experiences
intelligence
the capability to think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, reason, plan, solve problems, learn from experience, and acquire new knowledge
analytical
“componential” intelligence (problem solving)
creative
“experimental” intelligent (novel solutions)
practical
“contextual” intelligence (everyday)
fluid intelligence
the ability to tackle new and unusual situations
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge
Gardners multiple intelligence theory
based partly on evidence from savant syndrome, or the presence of unusual talents in people who are otherwise profoundly mentally disabled
intelligence test
the test measured children’s abilities to name and understand words. it also featured nonverbal tests using objects like beads and cubes.
mental age
average age at which children reform closest to the given child performance. objective measure of whether the child wad typical, delayed, or advanced in intellectual development
achievement test
determine hoe much you learned over a certain period of time
aptitude test
the ACT an achievement test that some students take when they apple to college. measures what the students take when they apply to college, measures what the students have learned in high school and predicts college performance
wechsler adult intelligence scale
used to assess how well people are functioning and whether hey have any cognitive problems
growth mindset
intelligence can be developed
fixed mindset
intelligence is unchanging
individual variability
the differences in how people respond to situations, or how their behavior changes over time
individual heritability
the part of individual differences (or variation) in a trait or disorder in a population that is explained by genetic variation
enrichment
a shift from elementary to complex behaviors by means of mechanisms of coordination
self-fulfilling prophecy
a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a person’s expectations about a situation lead to actions that make those expectations come true
