chapter 7 Flashcards
encoding
the process of putting information to memory
storage
maintaining information over time
retrieval
the ability to access information when you need it
misinformation effect
the phenomenon where exposure to false information can lead to the distortion of memory and beliefs, impacting decision-making and behavior
false memories
cases in which people remember events differently from the way they happened or, in the most dramatic case, remember events that never happened at all
shallow encoding
based on sensory characteristics, such as how something looks or sounds
dep encoding
based on connecting to past experience and meaning
2 types
- elaboration
- semantic
duration and capacity
The capacity of the long term memory is unlimited, as is the duration but items can decay and fade overtime.
iconic memory
fast-decaying store of visual information
echoic memory
fast- decaying store of auditory information
short term memory
storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds
rehearsal
process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it
chunking
combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in STM
working memory
manipulation of information for current tasks and can facilitate trader to long term memory
phonological loop
a component of working memory that stores and maintains verbal and auditory information
visa-spatial sketchpad
a part of working memory that temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information
central executive
the part of the working memory model that controls and coordinates the processes involved in short-term storage and general processing
long term memory
storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity
transience
the gradual decline of memory over time
primary effect
the tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end
recency effect
a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first
amnesia
the loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma
anterograde amnesia
can’t create new long term memories after damage
retrograde amnesia
can’t remember anything prior to damage
consolidation
the process whereby memory is integrated and becomes stable in the brain
- time-dependent
- boosted during sleep
long-term potentiation
a mechanism that creates enduring synaptic connections, which results in increased transmission between neurons
reconsolidation
reactivation of consolidation
forgetting therapy: memories are reconsolidated, with interference
explicit vs. implicit memory
explicit processes are conscious, while implicit processes are unconscious
semantic
Semantic memory is focused on facts, ideas, and concepts.
- facts
episodic
refers to the recalling of particular and subjective life experiences
- personal
priming
the increased ability to process a stimulus because of previous exposure
classical conditioning
a learning process where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that produces a natural response, creating a new conditioned response to the neutral stimulus
procedural
acquisition of skills or process
- riding a bike or tying a shoe.
emotional memories
brain activity is enhanced for emotional events in the amygdala and hippocampus
flashbulb memory
a vivid memory for an emotionally significant event
free recall
retrieval from memory without any cues to aid your retrieval
cued recall
retrieval that is facilitated by providing information related to the stored memory
recognition
identify previously seen or experienced information
encoding specific principle
retrieval is best when the present context recreates the context in which it was encoded
state-dependent retrieval
same state during both encoding and retrieval
mood-dependent retrieval
same mood during both encoding and retrieval
tips to improve memory/learning
MEMORY
- self testing, or retrieval practice
- concept mapping
- sleep
LEARNING
- pay attention
- study often
- spacing effect
- encode deeply
- test yourself
theories of forgetting
explains why people forget things
retroactive interference
New information changes old memories, sometimes causing the original memory to be forgotten
proactive interference
Previously learned information makes it harder to create new memories.
motivated forgetting
a psychological defense mechanism where people consciously or unconsciously block out unwanted memories to reduce anxiety
encoding failure
a breakdown in the process of getting information in to the cognitive system
attention
helps determine what will be remembered and, consequently, how we prepare for the future
memory
memories influence how we direct our attention
age-related memory decline
a normal part of aging that involves changes in the brain and other parts of the body
infantile amnesia
the inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories
