Chapter 8

Question 1

Problem solving

Answer 1

the ability to solve problems
-According to Piaget, problem-solving does not arise until children can engage in goal-directed behavior
-Latter half of the 1st year of life
-Willats (1990)- tested developmental progression of problem-solving in infants
-6-month-olds were not intentional in pulling blanket towards themselves to reach toy
-8-month-olds were much more capable of solving the “reach for the toy” problem
-Infants become sophisticated in solving problems

Question 2

Development of Problem-solving

Answer 2

while infants between the ages of 6 and 8 months can begin to show problem-solving skills, they are not able to resolve more complex problems
-Bullock and Lutkenhous (1988) demonstrated that 7-month old infants could not replicate the building of a house made of blocks with their own blocks
-2 year olds could maintain the goal in mind and replicate the house of blocks

Question 3

3 key points for problem solving

Answer 3

1. spacing effect
2. retrieval practice
3. interleaving

Question 4

Ceci 1996

Answer 4

video game context vs. laboratory context
-problem solving in 10 year olds varied by the context in which the problems were framed
-shapes vs. butterflies
-children performed better when the problem was framed for them in a familiar context

Question 5

Reasoning

Answer 5

-High level thinking ability
-requires one to “think outside the box” to arrive at the solution
-the information that is given is sometimes not enough to solve-problems therefore, reasoning is necessary

Question 6

Analogical Reasoning

Answer 6

-Involves using what you already know to understand something you don’t know or the unknown

Question 7

Relational mapping

Answer 7

A:B::C:D
Dog:Puppy:: Cat: Kitten

Question 8

How important is Analogical Reasoning?

Answer 8

-General IQ (intelligence) is in part, predicted by analogical reasoning
-Cognitive processes that underlie analogical reasoning
-Working memory, cognitive control (the ability to regulate attention), inhibition, and visual attention

Question 9

Language Development

Answer 9

-special form of communication
-multilayered: less complex to more complex, Phonemes —> Sentences
-Systematic and conventional use of sounds, signs, or written symbols for intention of communication

Question 10

Function of Language:
Instrumental

Answer 10

using language to express needs (more milk)

Question 11

Regulatory

Answer 11

using language to tell others what to do (get me juice)

Question 12

Interactional

Answer 12

using language to make contact with others and form relationships (“I love you, Mommy”)

Question 13

Personal

Answer 13

using language to express feelings, opinions, and individual identity (“I’m a good boy”)

Question 14

Heuristic

Answer 14

using language to gain knowledge about the environment (“what’s that?”)

Question 15

Imaginative

Answer 15

using language to tell stories and jokes and to create an imaginary environment

Question 16

Representational

Answer 16

using language to convey facts and information

Question 17

Language structure:
Phonology

Answer 17

sounds of language

Question 18

Morphology

Answer 18

structure of words

Question 19

Syntax

Answer 19

knowledge of sentence structure, grammatical rules

Question 20

Semantics

Answer 20

meaning of the language

Question 21

Pragmatics

Answer 21

using language in social setting

Question 22

Morphological Development

Answer 22

-Understanding the structure of words
-Example: adding -ed to the words to make them past tense
-Morpheme: smallest unit of meaning
-Over-regularization: children learn a verbal rule for regular words and generalize to irregular words like “dranked” or “ranned”

Question 23

Importance of helping with meaning of language

Answer 23

• Vocabulary, number of books in the household, and SES

Question 24

Theories of Language Development
Behavioral theories:

Answer 24

statistical learning: children become experts at predicting language, use prior knowledge to understand novel language, and behavioral theories fall under environmental theories

Question 25

Nativist theories

Answer 25

propose that children have an innate ability to acquire language
Language is too difficult to teach in term of its rules
They believe that language is biological

Question 26

Social-Interactionist theories

Answer 26

Language is an outcome of bother the environment and genetics
Children can be taught language by their environment but their language is also shaped by their innate abilities
Critical period for acquiring language is from 3 to 7

Question 27

Advantages of Bilinguals

Answer 27

-task switching, updating
-process sounds better in music and phonemes
Disadvantage:
interference of languages