Chapter 8 & 16: Epidemiological Applications and Communicable Disease Flashcards
Epidemiology is: (Select the correct answers)
- Is discussed as a disease in terms of person, place, time
- The study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events across the lifespan
- Is a population-focused applied science
-Uses research & statistical data collection methods and determines causative & risk factors
All Apply
TRUE/FALSE Disease results from complex relationships among causal agents, susceptible persons (hosts) and environmental factors. This is known as the epidemiological triad
true
TRUE/FALSE The web of causality looks at the complex interrelationships of risk factors causing disease
true
Match the following regarding early detection screening tests:
a) Negative predictive value
b) Positive predictive value
c) Sensitivity
d) Specificity
1.Probability percentage that persons with a positive screening test has the disease
2.Probability percentage that person having a negative screening test do not have disease
3.Quantifies how accurately the test identifies those without disease
4.Quantifies how accurately the test identifies those with condition
A=2
B=1
C=4
D=3
Intervention studies:
are experimental in nature & involves alteringbehaviour of individual participants
(Prevention trials: vaccines, tooth decay
Therapeutic trials: drug therapy, surgical intervention)
Analytic studies:
purpose is to search for causes of a disease occurrence
(retrospective case control: compare group with similar characteristics/risk factors,
prospective cohort: groups without disease are followed over time to determine causative factors)
Descriptive studies:
purpose is to investigate/understand health problems by looking at the context of person, place and time
(Correlational: relationships, Cross-sectional: representative group to assess problem, case report: documented history)
TRUE/FALSE The most common measures of disease frequency are prevalence and incidence rates
true
Morbidity
is the occurrence of disease in the total population
Mortality
is the number of deaths due to that disease in a population
risk is
is the probability that an event will occur within a specified period
TRUE/FALSE Vital statistics are the result of systematic registration of vital events such as births, deaths and heath events
true
11) CHNs use an epidemiologic approach in which of the following? Select all that apply
-Measuring health status & disease occurrence
-Surveillance (tracking & forecasting health events)
-Case finding (identifying individuals who may be infected from a disease)
-Search for etiologies & determine health status of a population
-Evaluating care
All apply
Communicable Disease
is an illness caused by a specific agent or its toxic products that arise through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal or reservoir to a susceptible host either directly or indirectly
Endemic
constantly present in a given population
Pandemic
worldwide epidemic affecting populations
Epidemic
occurrence of disease in a community or region that is greater than normally expected
What are 4 health interventions that have put an end to epidemics that once impacted populations?
Antibiotics, Improved sanitation, Vaccines, Improved nutrition
TRUE/FALSE Vertical transmission is the transport of infectious agents from person to person by direct, indirect, airborne or fecal-oral transmission (This is horizontal transmission).
false: Vertical is from mother to baby/fetus
What are 4 categories of infectious agents and 4 host factors that influence the spread of disease?
Infectious agents: bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites
Host factors: resistance, infectiousness, immunity, herd immunity
Which of the following are contraindications to immunization?(permanent or temporary)
Severe allergy
Encephalopathy
Immunosuppression
Severe illness
Pregnancy
Recent recipient of blood products
Severe allergy (permanent)
Encephalopathy (permanent)
Immunosuppression (temporary)
Severe illness (temporary)
Pregnancy (temporary)
Recent recipient of blood products (temporary)
Communicable
Period of time in which an infectious
disease may be transferred directly/indirectly
Elimination
removal of the disease from a large geographical area such as a country/region
Incubation
Period of time between invasion of infectious agent and appearance of symptoms
Eradication
irreversible termination of all transmission of infection by extermination worldwide
Label the following as vaccine or non-vaccine preventable diseases:
Alcoholism Tuberculosis HIV
Influenza Diabetes Smallpox
Alcoholism- NVP Tuberculosis- VP HIV- NVP
Influenza A-VP Diabetes-NVP Smallpox-VP
Epidemiological Triad
agent
host
environment
Observation Epidemiologic studies
non experimental, descriptive, and analytic studies
descriptive epidemiology
correlational, cross sectional surgery, case reports’
intervention (experimental) studies
includes interventions to test preventive or treatment measures, techniques, materials, policies, or drugs. Have clinical trials, double blinded study(neither subjects nor investigator knows who is receiving each treatment)
What are the four host factors that influence the spread of the disease?
- resistance
- immunity
- herd immunity
- infectiousness
Infection
entry, development, and multiplication of the infectious agent in the susceptible host
Disease
one of the possible outcomes of infection; may indicate a physiological dysfunction or pathological reaction
