Chapter 8 & 16: Epidemiological Applications and Communicable Disease

Question 1

Epidemiology is: (Select the correct answers)
- Is discussed as a disease in terms of person, place, time
- The study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events across the lifespan
- Is a population-focused applied science
-Uses research & statistical data collection methods and determines causative & risk factors

Answer 1

All Apply

Question 2

TRUE/FALSE Disease results from complex relationships among causal agents, susceptible persons (hosts) and environmental factors. This is known as the epidemiological triad

Answer 2

true

Question 3

TRUE/FALSE The web of causality looks at the complex interrelationships of risk factors causing disease

Answer 3

true

Question 4

Match the following regarding early detection screening tests:
a) Negative predictive value
b) Positive predictive value
c) Sensitivity
d) Specificity
1.Probability percentage that persons with a positive screening test has the disease
2.Probability percentage that person having a negative screening test do not have disease
3.Quantifies how accurately the test identifies those without disease
4.Quantifies how accurately the test identifies those with condition

Answer 4

A=2
B=1
C=4
D=3

Question 5

Intervention studies:

Answer 5

are experimental in nature & involves alteringbehaviour of individual participants
(Prevention trials: vaccines, tooth decay
Therapeutic trials: drug therapy, surgical intervention)

Question 6

Analytic studies:

Answer 6

purpose is to search for causes of a disease occurrence
(retrospective case control: compare group with similar characteristics/risk factors,
prospective cohort: groups without disease are followed over time to determine causative factors)

Question 7

Descriptive studies:

Answer 7

purpose is to investigate/understand health problems by looking at the context of person, place and time
(Correlational: relationships, Cross-sectional: representative group to assess problem, case report: documented history)

Question 8

TRUE/FALSE The most common measures of disease frequency are prevalence and incidence rates

Answer 8

true

Question 9

Morbidity

Answer 9

is the occurrence of disease in the total population

Question 10

Mortality

Answer 10

is the number of deaths due to that disease in a population

Question 11

risk is

Answer 11

is the probability that an event will occur within a specified period

Question 12

TRUE/FALSE Vital statistics are the result of systematic registration of vital events such as births, deaths and heath events

Answer 12

true

Question 13

11) CHNs use an epidemiologic approach in which of the following? Select all that apply
-Measuring health status & disease occurrence
-Surveillance (tracking & forecasting health events)
-Case finding (identifying individuals who may be infected from a disease)
-Search for etiologies & determine health status of a population
-Evaluating care

Answer 13

All apply

Question 14

Communicable Disease

Answer 14

is an illness caused by a specific agent or its toxic products that arise through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal or reservoir to a susceptible host either directly or indirectly

Question 15

Endemic

Answer 15

constantly present in a given population

Question 16

Pandemic

Answer 16

worldwide epidemic affecting populations

Question 17

Epidemic

Answer 17

occurrence of disease in a community or region that is greater than normally expected

Question 18

What are 4 health interventions that have put an end to epidemics that once impacted populations?

Answer 18

Antibiotics, Improved sanitation, Vaccines, Improved nutrition

Question 19

TRUE/FALSE Vertical transmission is the transport of infectious agents from person to person by direct, indirect, airborne or fecal-oral transmission (This is horizontal transmission).

Answer 19

false: Vertical is from mother to baby/fetus

Question 20

What are 4 categories of infectious agents and 4 host factors that influence the spread of disease?

Answer 20

Infectious agents: bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites
Host factors: resistance, infectiousness, immunity, herd immunity

Question 21

Which of the following are contraindications to immunization?(permanent or temporary)
Severe allergy
Encephalopathy
Immunosuppression
Severe illness
Pregnancy
Recent recipient of blood products

Answer 21

Severe allergy (permanent)
Encephalopathy (permanent)
Immunosuppression (temporary)
Severe illness (temporary)
Pregnancy (temporary)
Recent recipient of blood products (temporary)

Question 22

Communicable

Answer 22

Period of time in which an infectious
disease may be transferred directly/indirectly

Question 23

Elimination

Answer 23

removal of the disease from a large geographical area such as a country/region

Question 24

Incubation

Answer 24

Period of time between invasion of infectious agent and appearance of symptoms

Question 25

Eradication

Answer 25

irreversible termination of all transmission of infection by extermination worldwide

Question 26

Label the following as vaccine or non-vaccine preventable diseases:
Alcoholism Tuberculosis HIV
Influenza Diabetes Smallpox

Answer 26

Alcoholism- NVP Tuberculosis- VP HIV- NVP
Influenza A-VP Diabetes-NVP Smallpox-VP

Question 27

Epidemiological Triad

Answer 27

agent
host
environment

Question 28

Observation Epidemiologic studies

Answer 28

non experimental, descriptive, and analytic studies

Question 29

descriptive epidemiology

Answer 29

correlational, cross sectional surgery, case reports’

Question 30

intervention (experimental) studies

Answer 30

includes interventions to test preventive or treatment measures, techniques, materials, policies, or drugs. Have clinical trials, double blinded study(neither subjects nor investigator knows who is receiving each treatment)

Question 31

What are the four host factors that influence the spread of the disease?

Answer 31

1. resistance
2. immunity
3. herd immunity
4. infectiousness

Question 32

Infection

Answer 32

entry, development, and multiplication of the infectious agent in the susceptible host

Question 33

Disease

Answer 33

one of the possible outcomes of infection; may indicate a physiological dysfunction or pathological reaction