Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is memory
the process involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas and skills after the original information is no longer present
What is autobiographical memory?
Memory for specific experiences from our life (includes episodic and semantic components)
What is multidimensional memory?
consists of spatial, emotional, and sensory components.
What did Greenberg and Rubin find out?
patients who had a loss of recognition of visual objects also lost autobiographical memory because there is no visual stimulus to serve as retrieval cues.
what was the cabeza study?
presented own photos and lab photos. own photos led to more activation in the prefrontal cortex. Experience associated with the photo
What does the emotional charge of autobiographical memory do to the brain?
activates the amygdala. Higher activity for emotional pictures.
Reminiscence bump: self image hypothesis
memory is enhanced for events where self image and identity is formed
reminiscence bump: cognitive hypothesis
periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories
reminiscence bump: cultural life script hypothesis
culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in someone’s life span
What was the impact of patient BP
no enhanced memory for emotional parts of stories.
What do hormones have to do with memory (cortisol)
Neutral and emotional pictures → ice water after pictures encoded emotional images more due to the release of cortisol.
what is weapon focus?
emotions impair memory. we focus on what is important so attention is dragged away from other things.
What is a flashbulb memory
memory of the experiences and context of a highly charged public event. The circumstances of how a person heard about the event.
what is repeated recall?
comparing later memories to memories collected immediately after the event.
what was the remember know experiment?
emotional pictures were remembered but not the color frame that was surrounding it
How does rehearsal influence flashbulb memories?
narrative rehearsal: rehearse the events after they occur. TV repeats it, making us believe we first heard it there
what is the constructive nature of memory?
memories are constructed based on a number of sources.
explain the war of the ghosts
read story, remember the story with different intervals, recall it. The story was changed and own culture influenced it.
What is source monitoring?
determining the origins of our memories.
what is source misattribution/ source monitoring error?
misremembers the origin or source of a memory. Confusing whether a memory was based on something experienced directly or something imagined.
what is cryptoamnesia?
unconscious plagiarism of the work of others
what is the famous overnight experiment?
participants were more likely to misidentify non-famous names as famous because they had recognised the names. (source misattribution)
what are pragmatic inferences?
person expects something that was not explicitly stated (baby stayed up all night = baby cried)
what is a schema
a person’s knowledge about some aspect of the environment.
what does unexpectancy aid in?
memory
what is a script?
the sequence of actions that occurs at a particular experience -> sets up expectations for what happens. predict what typically happens in routine activities.
Misinformation effect
person’s memory for an event is modified by things happening after the event has occurred.
what is the post-identification feedback effect?
increase in confidence due to confirming feedback after an identification
solutions to poor eye-witness testimony
recognize problem exists, inform witness that perpetrator may not be there, have someone who doesn’t know who the suspect is be there.
What are the sins if memory?
forgetting, transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, distortion, misattribution, suggestibility bias, persistence.
The more liberal an observer is, the more hits and the more false alarms they will make.
What is a liberal criterion?
minimizes missed detections but increases exposure to false alarms
conservative criterion?
minimizes false alarms but increases exposure to missed detections
