chapter 8 Flashcards
infant
mortality rate
the frequency of children dying in infancy
Thomas Malthus
argued that the
number of people would eventually outgrow the available
food supply.
demography
Principles of population ecology can be applied to the
study of statistical changes in the human population.
Migration
describes the
movement of individuals
between countries
Immigration
is people
entering a country
Emigration
is people
leaving a country
Total fertility rate (TFR)
is the average number of
children born per woman during her lifetime
Replacement fertility
is the TFR that keeps the size
of a population stable. For humans, this is 2.1.
rate of natural increase
which only includes birth
and death rates, was between 0.0% and 0.1% in 2016.
demographic transition
Countries still industrializing will pass through a series
of stages of economic and cultural change
pre-
industrial stage
death rates are high
due to widespread
disease, rudimentary
health care, and
unreliable food
supplies
transitional
period
Death rates
decline during
the transitional
period due to
improved food
production and
health care
industrial
stage
employment
opportunities increase
for women and birth
control becomes more
widely available,
decreasing birth rates.
post-
industrial stage
The population
growth stabilizes or
begins to shrink
demographic fatigue
Some developing countries are so overpopulated that
they may not be able to complete a transition
