chapter 6

Question 1

Since the 1980s, Costa Rica has regained much of
its forest cover through a program called

Answer 1

Pago por
Servicios Ambientales (PSA)—Payment for
Environmental Services.

Question 2

What is ethics

Answer 2

is a set of moral principles or values used to
determine right and wrong.

Question 3

what is economics

Answer 3

is the study of how people use potentially
scarce resources to provide goods and services.

Question 4

What is culture

Answer 4

is the knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned
ways of life shared by a group of people.

Question 5

what is worldview

Answer 5

A person’s perception of the world and his or her place
within it

Question 6

what is relativists

Answer 6

believe that ethics vary depending on the
context of the problem

Question 7

what is a universalist

Answer 7

define objective notions of right and wrong
that hold across many cultures and contexts.

Question 8

what are ethical standards

Answer 8

are the criteria that help to differentiate
right from wrong.

Question 9

principle of utility

Answer 9

holds that something is right
when it produces the greatest practical benefits for the
most people.

Question 10

what is instrumental value?

Answer 10

If something is valued for the pragmatic beliefs that it
brings us

Question 11

what is intrinsic value

Answer 11

If something is believed to have a right to exist and is
valuable for its own sake

Question 12

what is environmental ethics

Answer 12

The application of ethical standards to the relationship
between people and nonhuman entities

Question 13

what is anthropocentrism

Answer 13

is a
human-centered view;
nonhuman things are
given little or no intrinsic
value

Question 14

what is biocentrism

Answer 14

ascribes
intrinsic value to both
human and nonhuman
life

Question 15

what is ecocentrism

Answer 15

judges
actions based on their
effects on ecological
systems, including
nonliving elements

Question 16

what is transcendentalism

Answer 16

A philosophical movement rejecting materialism and beginning the ideals
of preserving nature as a priority to industrial
modernization.

Question 17

preservation act

Answer 17

John Muir was a believer in
transcendentalism and
became politically active by
promoting the preservation
ethic, holding that we should
protect nature in its pristine,
unaltered state

Question 18

Gifford Pinchot

Answer 18

the
founder of the U.S. Forest
Service, had a somewhat
more anthropogenic view
than Muir

Question 19

conservation ethic

Answer 19

held that people should use
natural resources, but in a
wise, careful manner

Question 20

developmental ethic

Answer 20

which held that people should be
masters of nature and promote economic development
as a priority.

Question 21

Aldo Leopold

Answer 21

was a forest
manager who helped implement a
government policy of shooting
predators to increase populations
of game animals

Question 22

environmental justice

Answer 22

involves applying a standard
environmental policy and practice to all people, regardless
of their income, race, or ethnicity

Question 23

Economy

Answer 23

s a social system that converts resources
into goods and services

Question 24

Goods

Answer 24

are material commodities.

Question 25

Services

Answer 25

include work done for others

Question 26

ecological services

Answer 26

include air and water purification, soil formation, climate
regulation, pollination, and waste recycling.

Question 27

classical economies

Answer 27

where, under
the right conditions, the marketplace will behave as if
guided by an “invisible hand” to benefit society.

Question 28

neoclassical economies

Answer 28

describes a conflict between
buyers (who want a low price)
and sellers (who want a high
price)