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Understanding Human Disease Exam 2 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy of the heart

A
  • 4 chambers
  • two circulations (pulmonary, systemic)
  • valves (function, location)
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2
Q

right ventricle only pumps blood to..

A

lungs

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3
Q

left ventricle only pumps blood to..

A

rest of the body, significantly larger due to hypertrophy

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4
Q

the left and right sides of the heart pump what kind of blood?

A
  • right is deoxygenated
  • left is oxygenated
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5
Q

coronary circulation

A
  • main blood supply of the heart
  • myocardium is too thick for the diffusion of nutrients
  • venous blood collected by cardiac veins
  • empties blood into right atrium
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6
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

sinus node -> atrioventricular node -> bundle of his -> right bundle branch -> left bundle branch

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7
Q

most frequent and serious problems of the heart

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertensive heart disease
  • aortic stenosis
  • atrial fibrillation
  • heart failure
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8
Q

myocardial infarct

A
  • death of myocardial tissue
  • severe and persistent chest pain
  • often presents atypically
  • may be asymptomatic
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9
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • fluid build up in lungs and other tissues
  • shortness of breath due to pulmonary edema
  • edema in extremities
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10
Q

tests for heart problems

A
  • chest x ray
  • echocardiogram
  • electrocardiogram
  • serum enzyme levels
  • cardiac catheterization
  • stress test
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11
Q

echocardiogram

A
  • sound waves (ultrasound) to visualize chambers of the heart
  • used to look for valve abnormalities
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12
Q

electrocardiogram

A
  • sinus rhythm
  • HR
  • look for arrhythmias
  • abnormal contraction between the QRS and T complex
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13
Q

serum enzyme levels

A

blood enzyme levels from heart

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14
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

needle in femoral artery to the heart

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15
Q

stress test

A

put patient on treadmill and hook up to a machine to make the heart work

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16
Q

congenital heart disease

A

atrial and ventricular septal defects (areas between the ventricles and atria)

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17
Q

congenital heart disease manifestations

A
  • murmur (turbulent blood flow)
  • easily fatigued
  • heart failure because heart is working harder
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18
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A
  • rare: 5 in 10,000 infants
  • 4 heart defects
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19
Q

what are the four heart defects of tetralogy of fallot?

A
  • VSD (opening between ventricles)
  • pulmonary stenosis (valve is narrow)
  • right ventricle hypertrophy (right ventricle works harder)
  • overriding aorta (aorta is between left and right ventricles, over VSD, blood can’t fully oxygenize)
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20
Q

tetralogy of fallot manifestations

A
  • cyanosis (tissues are blue)
  • slow growth
  • heart failure
  • variable life expectancy
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21
Q

treatment of tetralogy of fallot

A

surgery soon after birth

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22
Q

myocardial infarction leads to..

A

necrosis of heart muscle from severe ischemia

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23
Q

basic mechanisms that trigger ischemia

A
  • sudden blockage of a coronary artery from a thrombus
  • blockage from atherosclerotic plaque
  • sudden greatly increased myocardial oxygen requirements (vigorous physical activities)
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24
Q

heart attack and ______ are the same thing

A

myocardial infarction (ischemia leads to infarct)

25
Q

symptoms of acute myocardial infarction

A
  • angina
  • sympathetic nervous system response
  • hypotension and shock
  • may be asymptomatic
26
Q

angina

A

chest pain, severe, crushing, constrictive OR like heart burn

27
Q

what involves the sympathetic nervous system response in an acute myocardial infarction?

A
  • GI distress, nausea, vomiting
  • tachycardia and vasoconstriction
  • anxiety, restlessness, feeling of impending doom
  • increased HR
28
Q

manifestations of hypotension and shock during a myocardial infarction

A

weakness in arms and legs because unable to pump as much blood

29
Q

features of MI

A
  • 50% occur without warning
  • 50% preceded by episodes of angina
  • 80-90% MI patients arrive alive
30
Q

why do patients die before arriving at the hospital with a MI?

A

cardiac arrhythmia, heart doesn’t contract like it should
- minority recover without complications
- most develop clinical complications

31
Q

diagnosis of MI

A
  • medical history (inconclusive)
  • physical exam (usually not abnormal unless patient exhibits evidence of shock, heart failure, or murmur)
  • lab data (EKG, enzyme tests, larger infarct = longer time for elevated levels to return normal)
32
Q

cardiac enzymes

A
  • creatine kinase
  • lactate dehydrogenase
  • troponin
33
Q

diagnosis by angiogram involves..

A

locate and determine degree of obstruction

34
Q

treatment for CAD

A
  • destroy clot through angioplasty (bust through thrombus)
  • cardiac bypass (taking vein from leg and moving downstream to remove blockage)
  • stent = brace lumen open
35
Q

myocardial infarction treatment

A
  • control or eliminate risk factors
  • cessation of smoking
  • control of hypertension
  • anti-coronary diet (low cholesterol and fat)
  • weight reduction
  • exercise
36
Q

long term complications of MI

A
  • arrhythmias (most common)
  • heart failure
  • cardiogenic shock
  • pericarditis (enzymes damage pericardium, sack inflamed, cannot fill with blood)
  • thromboemboli
  • cardiac rupture
  • ventricular aneruysm
37
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

hypertension leads to increased workload for heart, which leads to structural and functional changes

38
Q

manifestations of hypertensive heart disease

A
  • enlarged heart
  • heart failure
  • ischemia
  • change in left ventricle
39
Q

valvular heart disease

A

valvular dysfunctions

40
Q

valvular stenosis

A
  • aortic or mitral stenosis
  • narrow valves
41
Q

valvular regurgitation

A
  • valves are leaky and open
  • aortic, mitral, and tricuspid regurgitation
42
Q

aortic stenosis

A
  • most common
  • calcifies and forms scar tissue, cannot move as well
  • leaflets undergo degenerative changes -> fibrotic, calcified, rigid -> restricts valve mobility
43
Q

clinical outcomes of aortic stenosis

A

increase strain leads to left ventricular hypertrophy which then leads to heart failure

44
Q

diagnosis of aortic stenosis

A

echocardiogram or hear murmur with stethoscope, common with aging

45
Q

rheumatic fever (scarlet fever)

A
  • encounter in children due too streptococcal bacteria
  • not due to bacterial infection but molecular mimicry
  • scarring of heart valves
46
Q

clinical outcome of rheumatic fever

A

valve stenosis -> increases strain on heart, eventually leads to heart failure

47
Q

prevention of rheumatic fever

A

treat early with antibiotics, more common in rural areas

48
Q

cardiac arrhythmias

A
  • disturbance of the heart rhythm
  • can be “missed” or rapid beats to severe disturbances that affect pumping ability
49
Q

cause of cardiac arrhythmias

A

abnormal rate of impulse generation or abnormal impulse conduction

50
Q

types of cardiac arrhythmias

A
  • tachycardia (100+ bpm at rest)
  • bradycardia ( < 60 bpm at rest)
51
Q

atrial fibrillation

A
  • disorganized electrical impulse
  • atria quiver instead of contract (incomplete emptying, increased risk of thrombus)
  • common with age
  • can lead to stroke
  • most common
52
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A
  • not pumping blood to organs
  • life threatening
  • use shock to get rhythm back
  • heart attack is death cause
53
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

pathology of heart muscle

54
Q

cardiomyopathy is caused by..

A
  • genetic mutations
  • environment
55
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • weakened
  • enlarged
  • poor pumping
  • affects systoly (contraction)
56
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • can lead to sudden cardiac arrest
  • leading cause of death in young athletes
  • diminished outflow
  • genetic mutation of myosin, abnormal contractions leads to arrhythmia
  • diastoly is affected
57
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy

A
  • heart is rigid, restricted from stretching
  • diastoly affected
58
Q

complications of cardiomyopathy

A
  • heart failure
  • blood clot (pulmonary embolism)
  • valve problems
  • cardiac arrest
  • sudden death
59
Q
A

Understanding Human Disease Exam 2 (5 decks)

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