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Understanding Human Disease Exam 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

vascular system is composed of..

A
  • blood vascular system
  • pulmonary artery caries deoxygenated blood
  • arteries carry blood away from heart, veins carry blood to the heart
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2
Q

tunica intima

A
  • innermost layer
  • made up of endothelial cells
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3
Q

tunica media

A
  • middle layer
  • smooth muscle
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4
Q

tunica adventita

A
  • outer layer
  • connective tissue
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5
Q

capillaries only contain which layer?

A

tunica intima because they’re site of exchange and need thin walls

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6
Q

blood pressure

A

pressure exerted on vessel walls

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7
Q

blood pressure is determined by ..

A
  • amount of blood flowing through vessels
  • resistance of vessels to blood flow
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8
Q

normal blood pressure

A
  • maximum systolic pressure = 120 (heart contracting, # on top)
  • lowest diastolic pressure = 80 (heart relaxed, # on bottom)
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9
Q

capillaries

A

vessels lying between arteries and veins

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10
Q

what are capillaries function?

A
  • regulate fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient exchange between blood and extracellular space
  • can proliferate to help repair injured areas
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11
Q

what are factors mediating exchange of nutrients across capillaries?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure (due to fluid)
  • osmotic pressure (determined by amount of protein in fluid)
  • integrity of endothelial cells
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12
Q

what is the fluid that leaks out of vessels into the interstitial space?

A

lymph: composed primarily of water, proteins and WBC (excess picked up by lymphatic vessels)

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13
Q

edema

A

fluid in interstitial space, accumulation of fluid in tissues

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14
Q

what can lead to edema/effusion?

A

alterations in pressures and or vessels

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15
Q

effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in body cavities

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16
Q

what are the most common causes of edema?

A
  • increase in hydrostatic pressure (more blood leaks out)
  • decrease in osmotic pressure (less albumin decreases fluid inside)
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17
Q

pathogenesis of edema

A
  • increased capillary permeability (causes swelling of tissues with acute inflammation)
  • low plasma proteins (excess protein loss/kidney disease, inadequate synthesis/malnutrition)
  • increased hydrostatic pressure (heart failure, localized venous obstruction)
  • lymphatic obstruction (cancer)
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18
Q

clinical aspects of edema (always pathological)

A
  • edema is result of underlying disease
  • range from mild to severe
  • can be fatal (cerebral or pulmonary edema)
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19
Q

ascities

A

swelling in the abdomen

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20
Q

anasarca

A

whole body, severe generalized edema

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21
Q

most frequent serious problems

A
  • edema
  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • thrombus
  • varicose veins
  • shock
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22
Q

signs/symptoms of serious problems

A
  • visual local swelling or puffiness
  • dizziness (low BP)
  • headaches (high BP)
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23
Q

tests of serious problems

A
  • percussion to detect fluid in pleural cavity
  • sphygmomanometer for blood pressure
  • angiography evaluates arterial integrity
  • x ray (looks for effusion)
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24
Q

angiography

A

inject dye and x ray to look at arteries

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25
Q

specific diseases

A
  • genetiic/developmental disease
  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • thrombus or thrombophlebitis
  • varicose veins
  • neoplasm
  • organ failure
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26
Q

congenital diseases are..

A

hormonal

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27
Q

hemangioma (not cancerous)

A

local proliferations of capillaries, common in skin

28
Q

lymphangioma

A

dilated masses of lymphatics

29
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries

30
Q

atherosclerosis

A

plaque in heart arteries, inflammatory/degenerative disease, accumulation of fatty deposits and scar tissue in intima

31
Q

what does atherosclerosis lead to?

A

obstruction of lumen and weakening of wall of vessel

32
Q

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

A
  • endothelial injury (increased permeability, macrophage migration, induction of smooth muscle cell proliferation)
  • leads to lipid accumulation
33
Q

causes of fatty streaks

A
  • high BP
  • increase blood glucose
  • increased lipids
  • smoking
33
Q

fibrous cap

A

atheroma

34
Q

plaques can cause harm by..

A
  • narrowing lumen causing ischemia in tissue
  • weaken a vessel wall, forming an aneurysm
  • rupture and expose collagen that forms a thrombus
35
Q

rupturing of a plaque can..

A
  • occlude the artery and cause tissue infarction
  • tissue die because of rupture
  • heart attacks happen quickly because of thrombus
36
Q

development of atherosclerosis

A
  • begins in childhood
  • asymptomatic for many years
  • clinical appearance in 6th decade (doesn’t manifest until then)
37
Q

complications of atherosclerosis

A
  • coronary arteries: narrowing of lumen and heart attacks
  • abdominal aorta: asymptomatic, aneurysm
  • arteries of lower limbs: intermittent claudication and ulcers
38
Q

major risk factors of atherosclerosis

A
  • elevated blood lipids (too much cholesterol or LDL)
  • hypertension
  • cigarette smoking
  • diabetes
  • obesity
39
Q

minor risk factors of atherosclerosis

A
  • age
  • gender
  • stress
  • family history
40
Q

what can detect atherosclerosis?

A

angiogram

41
Q

atherosclerosis treatment

A
  • preventing further lesions and preventing growth of existing lesions
  • taking care of complications as they arise
  • plaques get bigger
  • exercise
42
Q

organs effected by hypertension

A
  • kidneys (failure)
  • heart (has to work harder)
  • blood vessels
  • brain (stroke)
43
Q

aortic dissection

A
  • hypertension complication
  • rapidly fatal, decreases blood flow to aorta
44
Q

aortic dissection symptoms

A
  • ripping sensation in chest
  • dizziness
45
Q

etiology of aortic dissection

A
  • primary = idiopathic or essential
  • secondary = secondary to something else
46
Q

hypertension treatment

A
  • increase PA
  • diet (reduce salt, increase fruits and veggies)
  • medications
47
Q

diuretics

A

reduces blood volume

48
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme

A

(ACE) inhibitors

49
Q

thrombus

A

abnormal intravascular clot, can occur in any vessel or within the heart

50
Q

embolus

A

detached clot carried into pulmonary or systemic circulation (travels)
- plugs vessel of smaller diameter, blocking blood flow and causing necrosis

51
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein due to thrombus, clot formation in deep leg veins can cause pulmonary embolism

52
Q

causes of venous thrombus

A
  • prolonged bed rest
  • cramped position for an extended period
  • genetic factors
53
Q

varicose veins

A

dilated, tortuous veins

54
Q

sites of varicose veins

A
  • anus: hemorrhoids
  • legs due to prolonged standing
55
Q

etiology oof varicose veins

A

incompetent valves

56
Q

are varicose veins common?

A

yes, tend to run in families, people on feet a lot (gravity pulls blood down)

57
Q

complications of varicose veins

A
  • pain
  • visibility of vein
58
Q

treatment of varicose veins

A

make a snip in skin and pull vein out

59
Q

shock

A

failure too maintain adequate blood pressure by the heart (drives blood flow)

60
Q

shock manifestations

A
  • decreased blood pressure
  • increased heart rate
  • decreased urine output
  • altered states of consciousness (dizzy/light headed)
61
Q

cardiogenic shock

A
  • pump failure
  • LV not pumping blood to other organs
  • heart attacks can cause this
  • cannot maintain perfusion pressure
62
Q

hemorrhagic shock

A

decreased blood volume

63
Q

anaphylactic shock

A
  • reaction to something
  • immune system overdrive
  • vasodilation increases
64
Q

septic shock

A
  • systemic bacterial infection
  • leads to massive vasodilation (decreased BP)
  • multi-organ failure
65
Q

shock treatment

A
  • removed causing agent
  • fluids
  • vasoconstricting agents
  • antibiotics
  • surgically repair bleeding arteries
66
Q

neoplastic disease

A

rare, blood vessel cancers

Understanding Human Disease Exam 2 (5 decks)

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