Chapter 8-14

Question 1

The two important components for transcriptional control

Answer 1

Transcriptional regulators

Regulatory DNA sequences

Question 2

These are sites on the DNA to where activators and repressors bind

Answer 2

Enhansers

Question 3

These protiens enhanse transcription regardless of where they are bound in relation to the promoter

Answer 3

Activators

Question 4

These protiens decrease transcription

Answer 4

Repressors

Question 5

Eukaryotic transcription regulators recrute ________________ to initiate transcription

Answer 5

• Chromatin remodeling complexes
• histone modifying enzymes

Question 6

An arrangment of chromosomes looped into domains to keep enhansers in check

Improper looping results in genes being expressed incorrectley

Answer 6

Topological Associated Domains

Question 7

The process by which groups of transcriptional regulators work together to determine gene expression

Answer 7

combinatorial control

Question 8

Functions of combinatorial effect

Answer 8

1. turns genes on/of
2. means by which eukaryotic cells diversify during embryonic development

Question 9

the enzyme resposnible is Methyltransferase

process by which genes are turned off by methylating C-G islands of cytosine bases

Attracts protienes to block transcription

Answer 9

DNA Methylitation

Question 10

Nucleotide sequences in the untranslated regions that lie upstream and downstream of coding sequences determine ______________

Answer 10

mRNA life length

Question 11

Marks mRNA for destruction

Answer 11

microRNA

Question 12

triggers transcriptional siliencing which prevents infections

Answer 12

small interfering RNA

Question 13

Function as scaffolding that bridges together protienes that function in the same cell processes

Answer 13

Long non-coding RNA

Question 14

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 15

The molecules that inhibit phosphofurctokinase 1

Answer 15

ATP

Citrate

Question 16

These pumps are powered by Na+ gradients

Answer 16

Na+ driven glucose pump

Na+—H+ exchanger

Question 17

This pump is responsible for the active import/export of Na+ and K+

Answer 17

Na+\K+ ATPase

Question 18

This pump facilitates the active transport of Ca2+

Answer 18

Ca2+ ATPase

Question 19

This pump facilitates the active transport of H+

Answer 19

H+ ATPase

Question 20

New membrane phospholipids are synthesized by enzymes bound to the ____ side of the ____________ membrane

Answer 20

• cytosolic
• endoplasmic recticiulium

Question 21

In what orgenell are flipase enymes functioning

Answer 21

Golgi appratutus

Question 22

Three charachteristics of barrel channels

Answer 22

1. They are made up of beta sheets
2. the cannot form narrow channels
3. They have alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic ammino acids

They are found in the mitochondiral membrane

Question 23

The extensive support network of fibrous proteins that give plasma membranes strength

Answer 23

Cortex

Question 24

Cell-to-cell communication can be facilitated by ________________

Answer 24

surface protein interaction

Question 25

Lectins are proteins bound to the surface of cells at the site of an___

Answer 25

infection

Question 26

All lipids are amphitatic, meaning they have ——- and ——

Answer 26

• a hygrophilic head
• a hydrophobic tail

Question 27

What class of proteins are lipid linked proteins

Answer 27

Intreagrel

Question 28

Why are protienes that rely on protiene-protiene interactions to staabilize ots membrane association classified as peripheral?

Answer 28

Because it can be dissociated without the use of detergents

Question 29

The three roles of the carbohydrate layer on the surface of the cell

Answer 29

1. Creating a slimy surface of the cell
2. cell-to-cell recoginention
3. immune response

Question 30

The most abundant phospholipids found in cell membranes

Answer 30

Phosphatidylcholine

Question 31

A cells ability to harvest the chemical energy of a sugar molicule by oxidising it into carbondioxide and water

Answer 31

cell resperation

Question 32

Which sugar generates the most energey and is the most widley used

Answer 32

Glucose

Question 33

Kinase

Answer 33

enzyme that adds a phosphate onto a molicule via ATP

Question 34

isomerase

Answer 34

enzymes that change the structure of a molicule by creating an isomer

Question 35

dehydroginase

Answer 35

enzymes that utilize electron carriers such as NAD+ or FAD

Question 36

Why is it necessary to phosphorylate glucose in the first step of glycolysis?

Answer 36

So glucose becomes charged and is trapped inside the cell

Question 37

Discrive the advantages of having three enzyme activities contained in a single large complex

Answer 37

The products of one enzymatic reaction can be used as the starting material for the next and the energy generated from the previous reaction is readily avaiable for use

Question 38

This resperation method relies of the ETC without oxygen use

Answer 38

anerobic resperation

Question 39

This resperation method relies on the ETC and oxygen

Answer 39

areobic resperation

Question 40

In this resperation method, pyruvate is borken down to form lactate or ethanol and regenerate NAD+

Answer 40

Fermentation

Question 41

The three steps of pyruvate oxidation involve:
1. _
2. _
3. _

Answer 41

1. pyruvate is decarboxylated generating CO2
2. CH3=O will be oxidixed generating NADH
3. Coenzyme A is added

Question 42

What is the main advantage to the gradual oxidation of glucose

Answer 42

energy can be extracted is useful ammounts

Question 43

Which molicule is an inhibitor of phosphofurctokinase 1?

Answer 43

ATP

Question 44

The net number of molicules produced during glycolysis

Answer 44

2 ATP
2 NADH

Question 45

The energey derived from substrate level oxidation is coupled to the conversion of ADP to ATP. Which two steps does this process discribe?

Answer 45

Steps 7, and 10 of glycolysis

Question 46

These two pathways do not take place in the mirochondria

Answer 46

Glycogen breakdown and glycolysis