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A&P > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What the 2 classifications of joints?

A

Structural & functional

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of structural classification?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints

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3
Q

What joint only has a joint cavity?

A

Synovial Joint

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4
Q

What is structural classification?

A

Focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present

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5
Q

What are 3 types of functional classification?

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

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6
Q

What is structural classification?

A

Based on amount of movement allowed in joint

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7
Q

What is synarthroses?

A

Immovable joint

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8
Q

What is amphiarthroses?

A

Slightly moveable joint

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9
Q

What is diarthroses?

A

Freely moveable joint

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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11
Q

What is a suture & an example?

A

Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, & bone edges interlocked

Ex: only in skull

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12
Q

What is syndesmoses and an example?

A

Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures

Ex: short fibers- ligament connecting distal ends of tibia and fibula
Long fibers- ligament like interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna

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13
Q

What is gomphoses and an example?

A

“Peg-in-socket” fibrous joint

Ex: periodontal ligament holds tooth in place

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14
Q

Name the 2 cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses & symphyses

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15
Q

What is synchondroses and an example?

A

Temporary joint; bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; all synchondroses are immovable

Ex: most common are epiphyseal plates in long bones of children, immovable joint between the costal cartilage of 1st rib and manubrium of sternum

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16
Q

What is symphyses and an example?

A

Fibrocartilage United the bones, acts as shock absorber and permits a limited amount of movement at joint

Ex: pubic symphysis & vertebral discs

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17
Q

What is classified as temporary joints?

A

Synchondroses

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18
Q

What are the general structures that can be found in synovial joints?

A

Articulate cartilage, joint (articular) cavity, articulate capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves & blood vessels

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19
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers opposing bone surfaces

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20
Q

What is another name for a joint cavity?

A

Articular cavity

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21
Q

What is a joint cavity?

A

Unique to synovial joints, contains small amounts of synovial fluid; has potential space since it’s almost nonexistent, but expands to create swelling

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22
Q

What is an articular capsule?

A

Joint cavity enclosed by 2 layer joint capsule, encloses joint cavity, external fibrous layer-> dense irregular ct, strengthens joint, inner layer -> synovial membrane loose ct, covers all internal joint surfaces, function -> makes synovial fluid

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23
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Slippery, occupied all free spaces within joint capsule, viscous egg-white consistency due to hyaluronic acid secreted by cells in synovial membrane, provides slippery, weight-bearing film-> reduces friction between cartilage

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24
Q

What are reinforcing ligaments?

A

Reinforced & strengthened by a number of band like ligaments; capsular ligaments-> thickened parts of fibrous layer, found outside the capsule (extra-capsular ligaments) or deep to it (intracapsular ligaments)-> covered by synovial membrane, don’t lie within joint capsule

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25
Q

Extracapsular ligaments

A

Found outside the capsule

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26
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

Deep; covered by synovial membrane, doesn’t lie within joint capsule

27
Q

What are nerve & blood vessels?

A

Richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers, detect pain, monitor joint position & stretch, richly supplied with blood vessels

28
Q

What movements do synovial joints allow?

A

Gliding, angular, rotation

29
Q

What is a gliding joint & where does it occur?

A

1 flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another

occurs at intercarpal and intertarsal joints & between flat articular processes of vertebrae

30
Q

What is an angular joint & what are the movements?

A

Increases or decreases the angle between 2 bones

Flexion, extension, hyper extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

31
Q

What is rotation and the movements?

A

Turning of a bone around its own long axis

Medial, lateral

32
Q

What determines synovial joint stability?

A

Shape of articular surface
Number & positioning of ligaments
Muscle tone

33
Q

What are articular surfaces?

What role does it play in stability

A

Determine what movements are possible at joint

Minor role in stability (shallow surfaces less stable than ball-in-socket joint)

34
Q

What are ligaments?

What role do they play in stability?

A

Unite bones & prevent excessive/undesirable motion; more ligaments=stronger joint

Limited role in stability

35
Q

What is muscle tone?

What role does it play in stability?

A

Keeps tendons taut (tight) as they cross joints

Most important in stability (extremely important in shoulder, knee, & arch of feet)

36
Q

What is the most important role in joint stability?

A

Muscle Tone

37
Q

What is the least important role in joint stability?

A

Articular surfaces

38
Q

What plays a limited role in joint stability?

A

Ligaments

39
Q

Muscle tone is extremely important for what parts of the body?

A

Shoulder, knee, & arch of feet

40
Q

What are the 6 different types of synovial joints?

A

Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball-in-socket joint

41
Q

Describe plane joint
What are examples?

A

Gliding, nonaxial movement

Ex: intercarpals, intertarsals, joint between vertebral articular surfaces

42
Q

Describe hinge joint
Give examples

A

Flexion & extension, uniaxial movement

Ex: elbow, interphalangeal joint

43
Q

Describe pivot joint
Give examples

A

Rotational, uniaxial movement

Ex: proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint

44
Q

Describe condylar joint
Give examples

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, biaxial movement

Ex:metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints

45
Q

Describe saddle joints
Give examples

A

Adduction,abduction, flexion, extension, biaxial movement

Ex: carpometacarpal joints of thumbs

46
Q

Describe Ball-in-socket joint
Give example

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, multiaxial movement

Ex: shoulder & hip joints

47
Q

What are 3 common sport injuries?

A

Cartilage tears
Sprains
Dislocations

48
Q

What causes a cartilage tear?

A

Overdo various exercises, overuse

49
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn. Common in ankle, knee, & lumbar spine

50
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Bones are forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joints

51
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Partial dislocation

52
Q

What is bursitis? What causes it?

A

Inflammation of bursa

Caused by a blow or friction

53
Q

What is tendinitis? What causes it?

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths

Caused by overuse

54
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Describes over 100 different types of inflammatory and degenerative diseases that damage joints

55
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

Most common chronic arthritis, “wear and tear” arthritis

56
Q

What is the most common type of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

57
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder, affects 3x many women than men

58
Q

Which Arthritis affects 3x as many women than men?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

59
Q

What is Gouty Arthritis?

A

Typically affects 1 joint & happens when Uric acid is deposited as needle-shaped irate Chrystal’s in soft tissues of a joint

60
Q

What is Lyme disease? What causes it?

A

Inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bite of ticks, often results in joint pain & arthritis

61
Q

What are the characteristics of Lyme disease?

A

Skin rash, flu-like symptoms, & foggy thinking

62
Q

What inflammatory disease is caused by ticks?

A

Lyme disease

63
Q

What inflammatory disease is caused by Uric acid deposition in soft tissue?

A

Gouty Arthritic

A&P (2 decks)

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