Chapter 8 Flashcards
What the 2 classifications of joints?
Structural & functional
What are the 3 types of structural classification?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints
What joint only has a joint cavity?
Synovial Joint
What is structural classification?
Focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
What are 3 types of functional classification?
Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
What is structural classification?
Based on amount of movement allowed in joint
What is synarthroses?
Immovable joint
What is amphiarthroses?
Slightly moveable joint
What is diarthroses?
Freely moveable joint
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
What is a suture & an example?
Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, & bone edges interlocked
Ex: only in skull
What is syndesmoses and an example?
Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures
Ex: short fibers- ligament connecting distal ends of tibia and fibula
Long fibers- ligament like interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
What is gomphoses and an example?
“Peg-in-socket” fibrous joint
Ex: periodontal ligament holds tooth in place
Name the 2 cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses & symphyses
What is synchondroses and an example?
Temporary joint; bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; all synchondroses are immovable
Ex: most common are epiphyseal plates in long bones of children, immovable joint between the costal cartilage of 1st rib and manubrium of sternum
What is symphyses and an example?
Fibrocartilage United the bones, acts as shock absorber and permits a limited amount of movement at joint
Ex: pubic symphysis & vertebral discs
What is classified as temporary joints?
Synchondroses
What are the general structures that can be found in synovial joints?
Articulate cartilage, joint (articular) cavity, articulate capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves & blood vessels
What is articular cartilage?
Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers opposing bone surfaces
What is another name for a joint cavity?
Articular cavity
What is a joint cavity?
Unique to synovial joints, contains small amounts of synovial fluid; has potential space since it’s almost nonexistent, but expands to create swelling
What is an articular capsule?
Joint cavity enclosed by 2 layer joint capsule, encloses joint cavity, external fibrous layer-> dense irregular ct, strengthens joint, inner layer -> synovial membrane loose ct, covers all internal joint surfaces, function -> makes synovial fluid
What is synovial fluid?
Slippery, occupied all free spaces within joint capsule, viscous egg-white consistency due to hyaluronic acid secreted by cells in synovial membrane, provides slippery, weight-bearing film-> reduces friction between cartilage
What are reinforcing ligaments?
Reinforced & strengthened by a number of band like ligaments; capsular ligaments-> thickened parts of fibrous layer, found outside the capsule (extra-capsular ligaments) or deep to it (intracapsular ligaments)-> covered by synovial membrane, don’t lie within joint capsule
Extracapsular ligaments
Found outside the capsule
Intracapsular ligaments
Deep; covered by synovial membrane, doesn’t lie within joint capsule
What are nerve & blood vessels?
Richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers, detect pain, monitor joint position & stretch, richly supplied with blood vessels
What movements do synovial joints allow?
Gliding, angular, rotation
What is a gliding joint & where does it occur?
1 flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another
occurs at intercarpal and intertarsal joints & between flat articular processes of vertebrae
What is an angular joint & what are the movements?
Increases or decreases the angle between 2 bones
Flexion, extension, hyper extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
What is rotation and the movements?
Turning of a bone around its own long axis
Medial, lateral
What determines synovial joint stability?
Shape of articular surface
Number & positioning of ligaments
Muscle tone
What are articular surfaces?
What role does it play in stability
Determine what movements are possible at joint
Minor role in stability (shallow surfaces less stable than ball-in-socket joint)
What are ligaments?
What role do they play in stability?
Unite bones & prevent excessive/undesirable motion; more ligaments=stronger joint
Limited role in stability
What is muscle tone?
What role does it play in stability?
Keeps tendons taut (tight) as they cross joints
Most important in stability (extremely important in shoulder, knee, & arch of feet)
What is the most important role in joint stability?
Muscle Tone
What is the least important role in joint stability?
Articular surfaces
What plays a limited role in joint stability?
Ligaments
Muscle tone is extremely important for what parts of the body?
Shoulder, knee, & arch of feet
What are the 6 different types of synovial joints?
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball-in-socket joint
Describe plane joint
What are examples?
Gliding, nonaxial movement
Ex: intercarpals, intertarsals, joint between vertebral articular surfaces
Describe hinge joint
Give examples
Flexion & extension, uniaxial movement
Ex: elbow, interphalangeal joint
Describe pivot joint
Give examples
Rotational, uniaxial movement
Ex: proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
Describe condylar joint
Give examples
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, biaxial movement
Ex:metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
Describe saddle joints
Give examples
Adduction,abduction, flexion, extension, biaxial movement
Ex: carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
Describe Ball-in-socket joint
Give example
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, multiaxial movement
Ex: shoulder & hip joints
What are 3 common sport injuries?
Cartilage tears
Sprains
Dislocations
What causes a cartilage tear?
Overdo various exercises, overuse
What is a sprain?
Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn. Common in ankle, knee, & lumbar spine
What is a dislocation?
Bones are forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joints
What is subluxation?
Partial dislocation
What is bursitis? What causes it?
Inflammation of bursa
Caused by a blow or friction
What is tendinitis? What causes it?
Inflammation of tendon sheaths
Caused by overuse
What is arthritis?
Describes over 100 different types of inflammatory and degenerative diseases that damage joints
What is Osteoarthritis?
Most common chronic arthritis, “wear and tear” arthritis
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Chronic inflammatory disorder, affects 3x many women than men
Which Arthritis affects 3x as many women than men?
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
What is Gouty Arthritis?
Typically affects 1 joint & happens when Uric acid is deposited as needle-shaped irate Chrystal’s in soft tissues of a joint
What is Lyme disease? What causes it?
Inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bite of ticks, often results in joint pain & arthritis
What are the characteristics of Lyme disease?
Skin rash, flu-like symptoms, & foggy thinking
What inflammatory disease is caused by ticks?
Lyme disease
What inflammatory disease is caused by Uric acid deposition in soft tissue?
Gouty Arthritic
