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Bio Honors > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ATP and what does it stand for?

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate
  • Compound that cells use to store and release energy.
  • Is used by all types of cells as basic source of energy.
  • Consists of
    - Adenine (Base), Ribose (a 5-carbon sugar), & 3 phosphate
    groups.
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2
Q

What is ADP and what does it stand for?

A
  • Adenosine Diphosphate
  • Stores energy
  • Has 2 phosphate groups unlike ATP which has 3.
  • If a cell has remaining energy, it stores a small amount of the energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP.
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3
Q

How does energy stored in ATP release?

A
  • By breaking down the chemical bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphates.
  • ATP releases and stores energy by breaking and reforming the bonds between its phosphate groups.
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4
Q

What is the energy in ATP used for?

A
  • Cellular activities
    • Active transport
    • Protein synthesis
    • Muscle contraction
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5
Q

Why is ATP not good for long term energy storage?

A
  • ATP is not good at storing energy for long
  • Most cells only have a small amount of ATP
  • Cells regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in food.
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6
Q

What is the equation for Photosynthesis?

A

6CO^2 + 6H^2O + light –> C^6H^12O^6 + 6O^2

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7
Q

How does light work?

A
  • Energy travels to Earth in the form of light
  • Different wavelengths of light are looked at as different colors
  • Objects absorb every wavelength but one
  • Black/Dark colored objects absorb all wavelengths of light equally
  • White/Light colored objects reflect all wavelengths of like equally.
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8
Q

What is a Chloroplast?

A

Organelle in which photosynthesis occurs.

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9
Q

What are photopigments?

A
  • Helps photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight (light absorbing molecules)
  • Chlorophyll: Main pigment in plants
    - Plant pigments include: Chlorophyll a & b (absorb most colors well except green (reflects green), carotenoids (absorb light in other regions of the spectrum reflecting oranges, reds, yellows.
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10
Q

What happens when a chlorophyll molecule gets excited?

A

Energy is transferred to electrons in pigments (chlorophyll) when they absorb sunlight.

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11
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In chloroplast

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12
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria.

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13
Q

Where do plants get their green color from

A

From chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplasts.

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14
Q

Where does CO2 and O2 enter and leave the leaf

A

Stomata

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15
Q

Leaf anatomy/structure

A

Cuticle, upper epidermis, Palisade mesophyll, Vascular bundle (xylem and phloem), spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis, stoma, guard cells.

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16
Q

Where are chloroplasts found in the highest concentration?

A

The mesophyll, one cell has 30-40 chloroplasts

17
Q

Thylakoid

A

Where light reactions occur

18
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Barrier that surrounds the thylakoid; pigments such as chlorophyll are found here

19
Q

Granum

A

A stack of thylakoids

20
Q

Stroma

A
  • Region outside the thylakoid membrane
  • Where the Calvin Cycle occurs
  • Cytoplasm of Chlorplasts
21
Q

Oxidation

A

Becomes more positive when an electron is lost

22
Q

Reduction

A

Becomes more negative when an electron is gained

23
Q

NADP+

A

Electron and hydrogen ion (H+) acceptor molecule. (Carries the high-energy electrons from the thylakoid membrane to the stroma).

24
Q

NADPH

A

Electron holder molecule (Holds the molecule)

25
Q

What is the light reaction formula?

A

Light + H^2O + NADP+ + ADP –> O^2 + NADPH + ATP

26
Q

What does the thylakoid of the chloroplast transform light energy into?

A

The chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

27
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The process of using proton movement (H+) to join ADP and P

28
Q

ATP Synthase

A

An enzyme embedded in the thylakoid membrane

29
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

The process of creating ATP using a protein gradient created by the energy gathered from sunlight

30
Q

Calvin Cycle formula

A

CO^2 + NADPH + ATP –> C^6H^12O^6 + NADP+ + ADP

31
Q

What is needed to start the Calvin Cycle

A

High energy electrons (e-)

32
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

Converts CO2 into a different organic form to be used in reaction.

33
Q

RuBisCo

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.

34
Q

What factors affect photosynthesis?

A

Water supply, amount of sunlight, temperature, carbon dioxide.

Bio Honors (3 decks)

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