Chapter 8

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

How information is processed and manipulated when remembering, thinking, and knowing

Question 2

What is thinking?

Answer 2

How we represent ideas and use ideas to solve problems and make decisions

Question 3

Thinking

Answer 3

Mental manipulation of representations of information in our environments
Congnitive psychologists study though and understanding resulting from thinking

Question 4

Symbolic Representations

Answer 4

Abstract mental representations (MRs) that consist of words and ideas

Question 5

Analogical Representations

Answer 5

MRs that have some of the physical characteristics of real world objects

Question 6

Symbolic

Answer 6

Mental representation that does NOT correspond to the physical characteristics of which it represents

Question 7

Concept

Answer 7

A generalized idea or thought
- represents a group of objects, people, events, situations, with common characteristics or attributes, a category of things

Question 8

Natural Concept

Answer 8

Acquired through everyday perceptions and experiences - animals, trees, clouds, cars

Question 9

Formal Concept

Answer 9

Artificial Concept
- clearly defined by a set of rules
- a formal definition, algebra, grammer, vocabulary

Question 10

Prototype Model

Answer 10

understood/stored as a prototype (ideal example) of that concept

Question 11

Decision Making

Answer 11

Choosing one instead of others
- a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process
- part of problem solving and occurs at each step of the problem-solving process

Question 12

Problem Solving

Answer 12

Set of activities to systematically
- analyze a situation
- then generate, implemet, and evaluate solutions

Question 13

Problem Solving Model

Answer 13

Step 1: Identify and define the problem (be specific)
Step 2: Brainstorm possible solutions
Step 3: Explore possible solutions (+ and -)
Step 4: Select one solution to try (decision)
Step 5: Implement the solution (act)
Step 6: Evaluate the solution

Question 14

Trial and Error

Answer 14

With limited possibilities

Question 15

Algorithms

Answer 15

Step-by-step procedure that guarantees accurate solution when applied appropriately properly
- using a math problem to solve a test problem

Question 16

Heuristics

Answer 16

Mental shortcuts help us make decisions based on how easy it is to bring something to mind
- no guarantee of accuracy or usefullness
- availability, recognition, representative heuristics

Question 17

Fixation

Answer 17

Using a prior strategy when a new one might be better

Question 18

Functional Fixedness

Answer 18

Fixated on usual functions (neglecting unusual usages)

Question 19

Reasoning

Answer 19

Mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

Question 20

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 20

Driven by data; botton-up, specific to general

Question 21

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 21

Driven by logic; top-down; general to specific

Question 22

Decision Making

Answer 22

Evaluating alternatives and making them choices among them, attempting to maximize outcome

Question 23

Decisions

Answer 23

Derived from experience/used to estimate the likelihood of something happening
Availability = Heuristic

Question 24

Representative Heuristic

Answer 24

How closely a new object or situation is resembles or matches an existing prototype

Question 25

Recognition Heuristic

Answer 25

A strategy which stops as soon as you recognize something which moves one toward a decision

Question 26

Loss Aversion

Answer 26

Prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains

Question 27

Confirmation Bias

Answer 27

Search only for info that supports our ideas

Question 28

Hindsight Bias

Answer 28

Report falsely that we predicted an outcome

Question 29

Availability Heuristic

Answer 29

Predict probability based on ease of recall

Question 30

Base-Rate Neglect

Answer 30

Ignore info about general principles

Question 31

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 31

Make judgements based on stereotypes

Question 32

Bias Blind Spot

Answer 32

Notice biases in others but not in self

Question 33

Intelligence

Answer 33

Ability to understand complex ideas, adapt to environment, learn form experience, reason to overcome obstacles.

Question 34

Sperman's General Factor Theory

Answer 34

General intellectual ability Underlying all mental operations to some degree Implies structural differences

Question 35

Sternburg's Triachic Theory of Intelligence

Answer 35

Analytical intelligence, Creative intelligence, Practical intelligence

Question 36

Analytical Intelligence

Answer 36

ability to break problems down into component parts, analysis, for problem solving

Question 37

Creative Intelligence

Answer 37

ability to deal with new and different concepts and find new ways of solving problems

Question 38

Practical Intelligence

Answer 38

ability to get along in life, get things done and become successful

Question 39

Howard Gardner's Eight Frames