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Dual Credit Psycology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

How information is processed and manipulated when remembering, thinking, and knowing

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2
Q

What is thinking?

A

How we represent ideas and use ideas to solve problems and make decisions

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3
Q

Thinking

A

Mental manipulation of representations of information in our environments
Congnitive psychologists study though and understanding resulting from thinking

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4
Q

Symbolic Representations

A

Abstract mental representations (MRs) that consist of words and ideas

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5
Q

Analogical Representations

A

MRs that have some of the physical characteristics of real world objects

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6
Q

Symbolic

A

Mental representation that does NOT correspond to the physical characteristics of which it represents

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7
Q

Concept

A

A generalized idea or thought
- represents a group of objects, people, events, situations, with common characteristics or attributes, a category of things

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8
Q

Natural Concept

A

Acquired through everyday perceptions and experiences - animals, trees, clouds, cars

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9
Q

Formal Concept

A

Artificial Concept
- clearly defined by a set of rules
- a formal definition, algebra, grammer, vocabulary

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10
Q

Prototype Model

A

understood/stored as a prototype (ideal example) of that concept

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11
Q

Decision Making

A

Choosing one instead of others
- a mechanism for making choices at each step of the problem-solving process
- part of problem solving and occurs at each step of the problem-solving process

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12
Q

Problem Solving

A

Set of activities to systematically
- analyze a situation
- then generate, implemet, and evaluate solutions

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13
Q

Problem Solving Model

A

Step 1: Identify and define the problem (be specific)
Step 2: Brainstorm possible solutions
Step 3: Explore possible solutions (+ and -)
Step 4: Select one solution to try (decision)
Step 5: Implement the solution (act)
Step 6: Evaluate the solution

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14
Q

Trial and Error

A

With limited possibilities

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15
Q

Algorithms

A

Step-by-step procedure that guarantees accurate solution when applied appropriately properly
- using a math problem to solve a test problem

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16
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts help us make decisions based on how easy it is to bring something to mind
- no guarantee of accuracy or usefullness
- availability, recognition, representative heuristics

17
Q

Fixation

A

Using a prior strategy when a new one might be better

18
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Fixated on usual functions (neglecting unusual usages)

19
Q

Reasoning

A

Mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

20
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Driven by data; botton-up, specific to general

21
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Driven by logic; top-down; general to specific

22
Q

Decision Making

A

Evaluating alternatives and making them choices among them, attempting to maximize outcome

23
Q

Decisions

A

Derived from experience/used to estimate the likelihood of something happening
Availability = Heuristic

24
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

How closely a new object or situation is resembles or matches an existing prototype

25
Q

Recognition Heuristic

A

A strategy which stops as soon as you recognize something which moves one toward a decision

26
Q

Loss Aversion

A

Prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains

27
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Search only for info that supports our ideas

28
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Report falsely that we predicted an outcome

29
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Predict probability based on ease of recall

30
Q

Base-Rate Neglect

A

Ignore info about general principles

31
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Make judgements based on stereotypes

32
Q

Bias Blind Spot

A

Notice biases in others but not in self

33
Q

Intelligence

A

Ability to understand complex ideas, adapt to environment, learn form experience, reason to overcome obstacles.

34
Q

Sperman’s General Factor Theory

A

General intellectual ability
Underlying all mental operations to some degree
Implies structural differences

35
Q

Sternburg’s Triachic Theory of Intelligence

A

Analytical intelligence, Creative intelligence, Practical intelligence

36
Q

Analytical Intelligence

A

ability to break problems down into component parts, analysis, for problem solving

37
Q

Creative Intelligence

A

ability to deal with new and different concepts and find new ways of solving problems

38
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

ability to get along in life, get things done and become successful

39
Q

Howard Gardner’s Eight Frames

A

Dual Credit Psycology (4 decks)

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