Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Dual Credit Psycology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

An active system that receives information, organizes, stores, and them retrieves it from storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Processes of Memory

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Encoding

A

Convert sensory information to a usable form in the brain’s storage systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Storage

A

Holding information for a period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting information from storage into usable form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Three Models of Memory

A

Information-processing model, Levels-of-processing model, Parallel distributed processing model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Information-processing model

A

Input, processing, output model of memory storage (sometimes call computer model)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Levels-of-processing model

A

Information more “deeply processed,” or processed according to its meaning is remembered better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parallel distributed processing model (PDP)

A

Memory processes take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

Consists of three different, interacting memory systems known as sensory (SM), short-term (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about two seconds.
- Visual- lasts just long enough to keep whatever you are viewing from disappearing when you blink your eyes (1/4 to 1 sec)
- Auditory - memory lasts about 2-4 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Short Term Memory

A

called working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Short Term Memory

A
  • Uses selective attention
  • Codes information according to sound
  • Holds 7 items for from 12-30 seconds or 4 items
  • Attending to a sensory stimulus moves it to STM
  • Displacement
  • Chunking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

Maintenance Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information to keep in STM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating over and over until no longer needed
Can lead to storage of information in LTM (long-term memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Relating new information to something known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Unlimited capacity that contains a person’s permanent or relatively permanent memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Declarative and or Explicit Memory

A

Episodic and Semantic Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Events as they have been subjectively experienced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Semantic Memory

A

General knowledge or objective facts and information
- stores facts, information, and personal life events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-declarative or Implicit Memory

A

Stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses (unconscious)
Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Organization of Long-Term Memory

A

Clustering
- relating items from categories
- helps remember it better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Semantic Network Model

A
  • Mental links form between concepts
  • common properties provide a basis for mental links
  • shorter paths between two concepts = stronger association in memory
  • not actual brain structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Encoding Long-Term Memories
Elaborative Rehearsal: - encodes into a form that can be retrieved later - focuses on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer in to long term memory - relates to informations to other information you already know
26
Forgetting
The inability to retrieve information
27
Retrieval
Process of accessing/retrieving stored information in LT memory
28
A Retrieval Cue
A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a memory
29
Retrival Problems
The difference between information that is stored in LTM versus information that you can access
30
Serial Position Effect
tendency to recall items at the beginning or end of a list, better then middle
31
What are the three kinds of memory tasks?
Recognition, Recall, Relearning
32
Recognition
Identifying material as familiar - requires you to to recognize, not recall
33
Recall
Producing required information by searching memory
34
Relearning
Retention expressed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned
35
What are some types of retrieval cues?
Mood Congruent Memory, State Dependent Memory
36
Mood Congruent Memory
- tendency to recall experiences consistent with your current mood - emotions/moods are retrieval cues
37
State Dependent Memory
- what is learned in one state, state acts as cue - same physical surrondings
38
Reconstruction
Event pieced together from a few highlights
39
Schemas
Used to reconstruct memories
40
Schemas (Top-Down Processing)
Framework of knowledge and assumptions. - influences encoding and recollection - may or may not be accurate - shorter more consistent with your viewpoint - unclear features adapt to expectations - positive bias - tend to remember better memories - promotes current emotional well-being
41
False Memory Syndrome
Creation of false memories through suggestion - hypnosis - can't be created for just any kind of memory - must be plausible or made plausible
42
Repressed Memories
Controversy initially surrounded sex abuse victims and idea
43
Imagination Inflation
Unfounded confidence in a false or distorted memory caused by vividly imagining the pseudo event
44
Misinformation Effect
When erroneous information received after an event leads to distorted or false memories of the event
45
Source Confusion
Forgetting or misremembering the true source of a memory
46
Schema Distortion
False or distorted memories caused by the tendency to fill on missing memory details with information that is consistent with existing knowledge about a topic
47
False Familiarity
Increased feelings of familiarity due to repeatedly imagining an event
48
Blending Fact and Fiction
Using vivid, authentic details to add to the legitimacy and believability of a pseudo event
49
Suggestion
Hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques that can inadvertently or intentionally create vivid false memories
50
False Memories
Failure to distiguish real memories (external source) self-generated thoughts (internal source)
51
Proactive
Interfering material learned before target material is
52
Retroactive
Interfering material learned after target material is
53
Decay Theory
Passage of time leads to forgetting Doesn't explain all instances of forgetting
54
Tip-of-the-Tongue
Effortful retrieval of known information Can retrieve some information but not all
55
Prospective Memory
Remebering to do something in the future - content : remebering what to do - timing : remebering when to do it - absentmindedness
56
Amnesia
Anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
57
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to store new information and events
58
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to retrieve past information and events
59
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
- increased efficiency of neural transmission at synapses lasts for hours or longer - doesn't take place unless sending and receiving neurons are activated at the same time - receiving neuron must be depolarized when the stimulation occurs - the more often neurons fire together, stronger the memory
60
Explicit Memory
Hippocampus, frontal lobes, amygdala
61
Implicit Memory
Hippocampus, temporal lobes, cerebellum
62
Hormones and Memory
The strongest and most lasting emotions are usually fueled by emotion - Cahill and McGaugh two pathways for forming memories - Ordinary memories of information. - Memories fired by emotional arousal - Adrenal glands release epinephrine into the bloodstream - Fight or flight response imprints powerful and enduring memories about threatening situations - Amygdala activates during emotional episodes and may explain the intensity and durability of flashbulb memories - High levels of the stress hormone cortisol interfere with memory - Estrogen improves working memory, Hypothalamus, efficiency, and the development and maintenance of synapses in the brain * Therefore, as well known, women have better memory for daily detail
63
Study Tips - Encoding
- give undivided attention - processes deeply - make associations - use imagery - use chunking (group together) - encode early and often
64
Study Tips - Rehearse
- redo notes - talk to others - test yourself - ask yourself questions - rest and eat well
65
Improving Memory
Organization, Overlearning, Spaced Practice, Recitation
66
Autobiographical Memories
- learn from our experience - develop sense of identity - bond with others
67
Memory and Aging
- an indicator of brain functioning - activity inoculates against mental decline - both physical and mental activities are important
68
Research has found it is much better to group items in categories in short-term memory. This is called:
chunking
69
What was the cause of Steve Titus's death?
Heart Attack
70
The forgetting curve developed by Ebbinghaus demonstrates:
that much of what we forget is lost relatively soon after we originally learn the information
71
In a research study, subjects viewed a crash involving two cars in an intersection. Four sets of subjects were asked different questions about the speed of the cars in the accident. Which group reported the highest speed? The ones asked how fast they were going when:
they smashed into the other
72
The brain's part _______ critical to new memory formation discovered in the case H.M is:
the hippocampus
73
Wrongful convictions occur most frequently due to
eyewitness misidentification
74
When we vividly recall the car accident which occurred on vacation last year, you are involving what long-term memory component?
episodic memory
75
We forget memories due to lack of use and they gradually fade over time defines which theory?
decay
76
Tess now keeps most of her texts in the assigned locker this year. When looking for her biology textbook, Tess first looks in her backpack where she used to keep all her books before the school began assigning lockers after the pandemic this year. This is probably due to:
proactive interference
77
Forgetting due to encoding failure means
for some reason, it was never put in longterm at all
78
Memory with lack of awareness is called
implicit
79
Sarai readily read the three chapters covered in the test the night before the exam. The Ebbinghaus curve would predict which of the following?
she would rapidly forget most of what she read
80
A memory model describing how long-term memories is organized
semantic network
81
Conrad recalls specific, vivid details, of the day he graduated from high school. This is an example of:
flashbulb memory
82
When learning the guitar music of a popular song, Zana has learned the first and last portions pretty well but is still struggling with the middle third. This exemplifies the following:
serial position effect
83
The context effect on memory is the influence of
outside environment cues

Dual Credit Psycology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions