Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column of fishes

A

Intervertebral articulations permit only side to side movement

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2
Q

Tetrapods vertebral column

A

Dorsoventral flexibility
Some side to side limitation

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3
Q

Modern vertebrae is made up of what

A

Centrum, neural arch, health arch, apophyses

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4
Q

Transverse processes

A

Diapophyses, articulate with ribs, some muscles attached, extend or flex vertebral column

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5
Q

Pre and post zygapophyses

A

Interlock and limit dorsoventral flexion
Side to side flexion

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6
Q

Parapophyses

A

Lateral from centra, few tetrapods, articulate with capitulum of bicipital rib

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7
Q

Hypapohyses

A

Mideventral, snakes

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8
Q

Morphogenesis of vert

A

Sclerotome mesenchyme from mesoderm somites-> surround notochord and neural tube-> vertebral blastema-> chondroblasts-> cartilagenous centrum and arches-> later replaced by bone

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9
Q

Diplospondyly

A

2 centra per segment in fishes and primitive tetraposs

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10
Q

Vertebral column of fish

A

Diverse
Dorsal trunk, caudal tail
Fibroelastic ligament overlies and connects neural spine in all fish

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11
Q

Vert column sharks

A

Notochord throughout vert columnamd restricted within centra, centra restricted at each end, vertebral canal has paired dorsal plates, dorsal intercalary plates, hemal arches, ventral intercalary plates

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12
Q

Teleosts vert column

A

Well Ossified
Remnant of notochord
Connected by complex of collagenous and elastic ligaments
Neural spines tall

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13
Q

Rachitomous vert

A

Early tetrapods
Several bones per segment
Hypocentrum- u shaped and cradled notochord
Pluerocentra pair
Neural arch

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14
Q

Rachitomous-> modern amniotes

A

Increased pleurocentra and reduced hypocentra

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15
Q

Amphicelous vert

A

Concavity at both ends

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16
Q

Procelous vert

A

Anuran, modern reptiles but not birds
Posterior convex buildup/ coalescence of intercentrum

17
Q

Opisthocelous vert

A

Salamanders
Anterior convexity

18
Q

Acelous vert

A

Mammals
No concavity
Independent fibrocartilagenous intervertebral disc w/ remnant of notochord (pulpy nucleus)

19
Q

Sacral

A

To accept force transmitted through pelvic girdle

20
Q

Cervical

A

For increased mobility of head